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Acid and Temperature Treatments Result in Increased Germination of Seeds of Three Fescue Species
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2012-09-24) Stanisavljevic, Rade; Vučković, Savo; Simić, Aleksandar; Marković, Jordan; Lakic, Zeljko; Terzic, Dragan; DOKIC
Efficient germination of fescue seeds is essential for successful establishment of meadows and pastures. This research was conducted toÂ ascertain the effects of various acid and temperature treatments on seed germination in three fescue species: Festuca rubra, F. ovina, and F.Â pratensis. Seeds from different cultivars, populations, or lots were exposed either to four concentrations of sulfuric acid at three differentÂ time intervals (12 treatments) or six different temperatures at three different time intervals (18 treatments). Despite all belonging to theÂ genus Festuca, the seed from different species responded differently to the treatments. The three optimum treatments for F. rubra seedÂ involved soaking in a 75% solution of sulfuric acid for 20 minutes (improved the germination rate by 19%), soaking in a 50% solutionÂ of sulfuric acid for 30 minutes (improved the germination rate by 18%) and exposure to either 60Â°C or 70Â°C for 90 minutes (improvedÂ the germination rate by 17%). For F. ovina seed, optimal treatments included soaking seeds for either 10 or 20 minutes in a 50% sulfuricÂ acid solution (both treatments improved germination rates by 13%) or exposing seeds for 30 minutes in a 25% sulfuric acid solution andÂ 80Â°C for 60 minutes (improved germination rate by 12%). Two optimal treatments were identified for F. pratensis seed. Whereas theÂ first involved soaking the seeds in a 75% sulfuric acid solution for 30 minutes (improved germination rates by 22%), the second involvedÂ either exposing the seeds to 90Â°C for 90 or 60 minutes, or exposing the seeds to 80Â°C for 90 minutes (improved germination rate by 21%).Â Our findings indicate that if fescue seed is to be sown during the autumn (two to three months after seed collecting), treating it with acidÂ and temperature can significantly enhance its germination.
Alfalfa and red clover as a protein source for ruminants
(Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia, 2021-10-06) Marković, Jordan; Milenković, Jasmina; Andjelković, Snežana
High level of milk protein, increased dietary costs, as well as care for the environment have made nitrogen utilization a central component in balancing ruminant meals. Excess crude protein in meals can lead to unnecessary dietary costs, without resulting in increased milk and milk protein production. In addition, most of the excess nitrogen is excreted in the urine and is an ecologically labile form. On the other hand, poor amino acids balance will limit milk protein yield, making production more expensive than overeating. Balancing protein according to metabolic needs, with an adequate ratio of rumen undegradable protein and rumen degradable protein, and without overeating will have positive effects not only on meal price and profitability, but also on the environment. More efficient utilization of nutrients requires knowledge of how different fractions of nutrients pass through the digestive tract. Grass and legumes contain the largest and most variable part of non-protein nitrogen compounds. Although, a number of non-protein nitrogen compounds and true protein together represent crude protein, it is clear that the nutritional value of crude protein in ruminant feeds is better explained based on their rate and extent of rumen degradation. There are a number of factors that affect the amount of crude protein that will be degraded in the rumen. Legumes are high quality forages rich in protein, but these proteins are intensively degraded in the rumen. Red clover proteins are more slowly degraded than alfalfa protein.
Ca:P ratio and content of Ca and P in some annual legumes – oat mixtures depending on seeding rate and stage of growth.
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (CIHEAM - IAMB) Italy, 2020-10-08) Marković, Jordan; Vasić, T.; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Babić, Snežana
Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important for animal health. The dietary levels of Ca and P should be balanced to increase their availability and utilization. The research was conducted at Institute for forage crops Kruševac in 2015-2016 to determine the effects of seeding rates in mixtures of pea : oat and common vetch : oat and cutting stages on the Ca and P content, as well as Ca : P ratio. The experiment was performed using five different mixture rates of pea and oat crops, five different mixture rates of common vetch and oat crops and three different cutting stages (beginning of pea and common vetch flowering – 10% of flowering, forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants and forming green seeds in 2/3 pods). Results of investigation showed that Ca content was the highest at the forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants, while phosphorus content increased from 2.70 to 3.40 g kg-1 with common vetch growth and development and from 2.57 to 3.10 g kg-1 with pea growth and development. Pure sown common vetch and pea were characterized by the highest average Ca and P content. Ca : P ratio decreased with plant growth and development in pea : oat mixtures, as well as in common vetch : oat mixtures. The highest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown common vetch and pure sown pea, whereas the lowest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown oat.
Cell Wall Components of Italian Ryegrass Depending on the Harvest and Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2023-10-01) Marković, Jordan; Petrović, Mirjana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Andjelković, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir; Vasić, Tanja; Štrbanović, Ratibor
The importance of perennial grasses is multiple. They represent the basis of sustainable animal husbandry and the basis of the animal feed industry, forming the staple food of ruminants in areas with a moderate climate as components of natural and sown grasslands, natural and sown meadows that can be used through mowing, haylage and silage. Adequate and advanced management of perennial grasses results in low prices offorages, significantly lower than concentrated feed. Italian ryegrass is characterized by rapid development and production of a large amount of quality forage crops.
Characterization of Chestnut Tannins: Bioactive Compounds and Their Impact on Lamb Health
(MDPI AG, 2024-11-27) Cekić; Marković, Jordan; Maksimović; Ružić-Muslić; Maksimović; Ćosić; Zeljić Stojiljković
The objective of the present study was to characterize the chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin product, Farmatan Plus® (Tanin Sevnica d.d., Sevnica, Slovenia), and to subsequently examine its effects on the blood metabolic parameters of fattening lambs, particularly in relation to their health status. Thirty lambs were randomly divided into three treatment groups: a control group without added tannin and two groups that received 9.46 g of the tannin product/kg of the diet dry matter (DM) and 18.87 g of the tannin product/kg of the diet DM. Metabolic parameters such as contents of total protein, globulin, urea, and liver enzymes (AST and GGT) were measured over a trial period of 60 days to evaluate the effects of tannin supplementation. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of Farmatan Plus®, demonstrating its richness in bioactive compounds such as vescalin and castalagin. The results showed no significant adverse effects on lamb health, with all parameters remaining within normal physiological ranges (p > 0.05). These results support the safe inclusion of chestnut tannins in the diet of lambs and underline their potential as a functional feed additive that can positively influence the health and growth performance of ruminants.
Concentration of some microelements, their mutual relationship and association with cell wall components in the dry matter of red clover
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2024) Marković, Jordan; Racić, Nedeljko; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Kostić, I.; Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja
Minerals are required for virtually all vital processes in the body. A deficiency of each essential macrominerals or microminerals in animals results in abnormalities that can only be corrected by supplementation of the deficient minerals. Forages provide an important source of minerals for ruminants. In some instances, forages may provide adequate quantities of all essential minerals required by ruminants. In other situations, forages are deficient in one or more minerals and supplementation is required for optimal animal performances. The association of certain minerals with fiber or other insoluble plant components could decrease the rate and extent of mineral release from forages in the gastrointestinal tract. Objectives of this study was to determine changes in minerals concentration in dry matter of red clover -- K 39 and K 32 cultivars with advancing plant growth and development in the first cut, and to measure the amount of minerals associated with the cell wall components. Three stages of red clover cultivars -- mid bud stage, early bloom and mid bloom, were examined in the first cut. The experiment was established as a completely randomized block design in three replications. The concentration of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were measured by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. Analyses of variances revealed significant differences between stages of plant development for investigated minerals. The highest proportion of Cu and Mn were associated with cell wall components of red clover.
CONTENT OF POLYPHENOL COMPOUNDS IN THE DRY MATTER OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS
(Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac,, 2023-03-17) Marković, Jordan; Lazarević, Đorđe; Zornic, Vladimir
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of harvest time and nitrogen fertilizer application on the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins in the dry matter of Italian ryegrass. The plants were harvest in 2017, in spring and early summer. The results obtained in this study showed that the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins in the dry matter of Italian ryegrass (12.45 g / 100 g dry matter, 7.45 g / 100 g dry matter and 956.55 mg / 100 g dry matter, respectively) were higher when the plants harvested in early summer than in the spring. The application of nitrogen fertilizer did not have effect on the synthesis of polyphenolic compounds.
Determination of green forage and silage protein degradability of some pea (Pisum sativum L.) + oat (Avena sativa L.) mixtures grown in Serbia
(Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, 2017-09-16) Blagojević; Djordevic, Nenad; Dinic, Bora; Marković, Jordan; Vasic, Tanja; Milenković; Petrović, Mirjana
Effect of condensed tannins concentrations on protein degradability of red clover, Italian ryegrass and their mixtures
(Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia, 2023-10-04) Marković, Jordan; Zornic, Vladimir; Štrbanović, Ratibor
Growing grasses in a mixture with legumes leads to more profitabl production, better quality of forages, an increase in soil biogenicity and fixation of a significant amount of nitrogen. The experiment was established as a two factorial trial by the method of randomized complete block design in three replications. Italian ryegrass – monocrop (IR), red clover – monocrop (RC) and their mixtures – IR:RC (15:5 kg ha-1), IR:RC (15:10 kg ha-1), IR:RC (20:5 kg ha-1) and IR:RC (20:10 kg ha-1) were planted in November 2016, with the first cutting in the spring 2017 – on May the 9th, and the second cutting in the early summer – on June the 22nd. Theaim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins in Italian ryegrass, red clover and their mixtures, as well as their concentrations impact on protein degradability in the rumen depends on the seeding rate in the mixtures and harvested in the spring and early summer. Results obtained in this study showed that higher concentrations of non-protein nitrogen and soluble protein in forages harvested in the spring influenced higher rapidly degradable protein concentration in investigated mixtures. The highest rumenundegradable protein was determined in Italian ryegrass monocrop harvested inearly summer, and we assume that high condensed tannins concentrationinfluenced the slower protein degradability. Our recommendation for plan breeders is that cultivars with higher content of condensed tannins should becreated and introduced in animal nutrition.
Effects of Additives and Mixing Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) at Different Ratios on Proteolysis, Fermentation Quality and Microbiota of Silage
(Institutul Național de Cercetare Dezvoltare Agricolă Fundulea, 2025) Lazarević, Đorđe; Đorđević, N.; Stevović, V.; Tomić, Dalibor; Marković, Jordan; Jevtić, Goran; Andjelković, Snežana
The nutrition of ruminants can be improved by using alfalfa silage, as well as red clover silage, as a low-cost source of proteins. However, proteins from ensiled legumes, especially alfalfa, have poor usability because of the high level of degradation in the rumen. This is a consequence of the intensive proteolytic processes during silage fermentation. In recent decades there were significant investigations of different materials and techniques which limit proteolyisis and contribute to a better usage of proteins from silage. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of additives - two doses of oak tannin extract [6 g kg-1 of dry matter (DM) and 12 g kg-1 DM] and bacterial inoculant (Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus plantarum, and Bacillus brevis), as well as the effect of ensiled mixtures of alfalfa and red clover, in different ratios (100 : 0, 90 : 10, 70 : 30, 50 : 50, 30 : 70, and 0 : 100) on the content of protein fractions, the number of microorganisms, as well as fermentation quality parameters. The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content, which is one of the main indicators of proteolysis, was generally equal at the different mixture and additive treatments as well as the pH value, and below the critical point of 10% which was probably the consequence of favorable conditions at every of the treatments. On the other hand, considering nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), as another of the indicators of proteolysis, there was a positive sign of the contribution of inoculant and red clover to the reduction of proteolysis in alfalfa only in case of the silage mixture with the 70% of red clover share. Increase in the share of red clover in the mixture generally caused growth in the number of lactic acid bacteria, as well as in the number of yeasts and molds.
EKONOMIČNOST PROIZVODNJE SEMENA CRVENE DETELINE
(Poljoprivredni fakultet univerziteta u Novom Sadu, 2023-01-01) Kostić, Ivica; Radivojević, Gordana; Stanojević-Vasilov, Olivera; Marković, Jordan
Crvena detelina je primarni izvor sena i zelene stočne hrane sa visokim sadržajem proteina, mineralnih materija i vitamina u umerenim klimatskim oblastima. Osim toga, detelina igra važnu ulogu u poboljšanju zemljišta, jer povećava plodnost zemljišta. Unapređenjem proizvodnje višegodišnjih leguminoza stvara se dobra osnova za razvoj stočarske proizvodnje u različitim agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Takođe se uspostavlja veza između ratarstva i stočarstva, što je od posebne važnosti za očuvanje i povećanje plodnosti oraničnog zemljišta i zaštite agroekosistema. Zbog nedostatka sena, skupo seme nepoznatog porekla uvozi se svake godine iz drugih regiona sa različitim klimatskim uslovima. Uvezeno seme genotipova neprilagođenih našim uslovima po pravilu daje niske prinose semena. U ovom radu sumiramo rezultate nedavnih publikacija koje bacaju novo svetlo na složen proces prinosa semena crvene deteline i razmatramo moguće pravce budućih istraživanja i mesta za poboljšanje prinosa semena crvene deteline.
Evaluating the inclusion of pumpkin seed cake in dairy cows diet on milk production
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2024-10-10) Marković, Jordan; Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Racić, Nedeljko; Lazarević, Đorđe; Stepić, Marija; Blagojević, M.
Pumpkin seed cake, a byproduct of pumkin seed oil processing, is used as lactating cows feeds. Due to the high content of crude protein and high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, pumpkin seed cake could be a good quality feedstuff for ruminants. There is an increased interest in finding alternative protein feeds that can be produced to substitute concentrate components of diets. This study was conducted to evaluate pumpkin seed cake as a substitute for the concentrate component in the diet of lactating cows based on milk production. Eight lactating cows were included in this study with 21 days period of investigation. The cows were divided into two groups: group one was in 60-90 days of lactation and group two was in 120-150 days of lactation. Milk production was measured for 7 consecutive days, from days 1 to 7, 8 to 14 and 15 to 21, respectively. Results of this study showed that pumpkin seed cake is a great source of protein (65.49% of DM) for ruminants, end especially for high producing cows. An increase in milk yield was recorded in this study by 6.68% in the first cows group, and by 7.92% in the second cows group where cowʼs diet was supplemented with pumpkin seed cake.
Evaluation of forage yield and quality of new vetch genotypes in climatic conditions of central Serbia
(2022) Milenković, Jasmina; Andjelković, Snežana; Marković, Jordan; Petrović, Mirjana; Stanisavljević, Rade; Djokić, Dragoslav; Zornic, Vladimir
Fertility and chemical composition of forest soils covered with Allium ursinum L. In Serbia
(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2022-04) Dželetović, Ž.,; Simić, A.; Marković, Jordan; Andrejić, G.; Denader, T.; Babić, Snežana
A. ursinum is a wild growing species, which is often found on various localities throughout Serbia, primarily within forest and occasionally on meadow. Fresh picked leaves and bulbs are used for preparing a salad or meals. For this research we have collected and analyzed soil and plant material from 12 different locations in Serbia. The analyses of basic fertility of soils have shown that A. ursinum grows mainly on acidic and soils containing high percentage of humus, with high total nitrogen content, low to medium supplies in available phosphorus and high supplies in available potassium. In those soils there is a very strong correlation between the total N content and total organic C (0.931). There is a relatively wide range of concentrations of overall Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils on which A. ursinum grows. The translocation factor for A. ursinum is TF ≥1 has been calculated for Cd, Pb and Zn.
Fertility and chemical composition of forest soils covered with Allium ursinum L. In Serbia
(2022-04) Dželetović, S. Ž.; Simić, A.; Marković, Jordan; Andrejić, G.; Denader, T.; Babić, Snežana
Floristic analysis of the weed flora in vegetable gardens under organic production
(Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2024) Živković; Vasić; Marković, Jordan; Đokić; Vasiljević; Katanić; Leposavić
Analysis of the weed flora in the vegetable gardens in the village of Trmčare (Kruševac municipality) revealed the presence of a total of 44 weed species [23 weed, 19 weed-ruderal, 1 ruderal and 1 weed of meadows and pastures]. The recorded weed flora is dominated by representatives of the class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons, broad-leaved weeds) with 38 species, while only six species are present from the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons, grass weeds). The analysis of life forms of weeds recorded in vegetable gardens shows a dominance of therophytes (70.45%), compared to geophytes (13.64%). Meanwhile, hemicrypthophytes make 11.36% of the weed flora and thero-hemicrypthophytes only 4.55%. The number of weeds was not high, because the inter-row cultivation was done every ten to fifteen days, and weeds were manually removed in the rows, around the plants. Regardless of the mechanical removal of weeds, the diversity of the weed flora was not negligible. In all observed vegetable gardens under organic production, the most frequent winter weeds were: Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz., Poa annua L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill., Veronica persica Poir., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Lamium purpureum L. Of the early spring weeds the most frequent were Chenopodium polyspermum L., Polygonum lapathifolium L., Polygonum persicaria L., Polygonum convolvulus L, and Galium aparine L., and of the late spring weeds the most often present were Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus hybridus L., Setaria viridis (L.) P. B., Hibiscus trionum L., and Portulaca oleracea L.
Floristic analysis of weeds in organic production of wheat
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2024) Živković, Sanja; Vasić, Tanja; Marković, Jordan; Debasis, M.
Analysis of the weed flora of organically grown wheat in the village of Trum{\v{c}}are (near Kru{\v{s}}evac) revealed the presence of a total of 21 species of weed (11 weed-ruderal, 9 weedy and 1 ruderal). The recorded weed flora was dominated by representatives of the class Magnoliopsida and 19 species, while only two species were present from the class Liliopsida. The analysis of life forms of weeds in wheat showed the dominance of therophytes represented by 57.14{\%}, compared to geophytes with 28.57{\%}, and hemicryptophytes with 14.29{\%}. The number of weeds was not high, because the basic, pre-sowing soil preparation and sowing were carried out under favorable weather conditions and in the optimal period. On all observed areas under wheat, the following weed species were most frequent: Lamium purpireum L., Lamium amplexicaule L., Viola arvensis Murr., Veronica hederifolia L., Veronica persica Poir., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Agropyrum repens Beauv. and Galium aparine L.
Isoflavones of the red and Hungarian clover and possible impact on animal diet
(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2021-06-29) Petrović, Mirjana; Sokolović, Dejan ; Babić, Snežana; Vymyslický; Marković, Jordan; Zornic, Vladimir; Dajić-Stevanović
Isoflavones of the red and Hungarian clover and possible impact on animal diet
(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2021-06-29) Petrović, Mirjana; Sokolović, Dejan; Babić, Snežana; Vymyslický, T.; Marković, Jordan; Zornic, Vladimir; Dajić-Stevanović, Zora
The content of daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A isoflavones was studied in natural populations of red and Hungarian clover, to estimate their impact on fodder quality and to determine directions in possible breeding programs. The study included 6 red clover (Trifolium pratense) and 6 Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum) populations, collected in the central Balkans. The differences between the species and among the populations were analysed. The average content of total isoflavones was 1.393 mg g-1 and 0.487 mg g-1 of air dry matter in Hungarian clover, respectively. While the most prevailed isoflavone in red clover was biochanin A (46%), the Hungarian clover populations were rich in genistein (43%). The red clover leaves accumulated the highest content of isoflavones. The Hungarian clover flowers and leaves had an equal amount of isoflavones. The obtained values of the total isoflavones could not affect the overall nutrient quality and therefore, researched natural populations of two clover species could be considered for further breeding programs.
Lignification as the major factor limiting red clover DM and NDF digestibility.
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy [in] Čačak, 2024-03-14) Marković, Jordan; Racić, Nedeljko; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Cekić, Bogdan
NDF is a good indicator of fiber content in forages, but on the other hand NDF digestibility gives more accurate estimates of total digestible nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate two red clover cultivars for NDF digestibility and DM digestibility depending on the stage of the development - mid bud stage, early bloom and mid bloom, harvesting in three different cuts. Results of this study showed that lignin content increased with plant maturation in all three cuts. The highest lignin content was determined in the third cut ranged from 5.87 to 5.92% and 5.56 to 6.53% in DM of K 39 and K 32 red clover cultivars. Intensive lignifications of cell wall in the third cut influenced the highest decreasing of NDF digestibility.