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Effect of processing on vitamin C content, total phenols and antioxidative activity of organically grown red beetroot ('Beta vulgaris' ssp. 'Rubra')
(Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2021) Pavlović, Nenad; Mladenović, Jelena; Stevović, Vladeta; Bošković-Rakočević, Ljiljana; Moravcevic, Djordje; Poštić, Dobrivoj; Zdravković, Jasmina
The demand for organic food is rising since consumers want food from reliable, highest quality sources originating from the environment, undisturbed by cultivation and processing. It is necessary to determine to what extent there is a scientific basis for the claims that organic food is of high quality. In this study, beetroot from an organic production system originating from 6 certified organic food producers from different geographic locations was examined. The organic beetroot samples were processed by pasteurization at 70 ºC and 90 ºC into beet juice or by drying at 55 ºC. The following samples were tested and compared: fresh beetroot, pasteurized beet juice and dried beetroot slices. The concentration of vitamin C, level of total phenol compounds (TPC) and antioxidative activity (TAA) in beetroot were influenced by the geographic origin and the applied processing method. The highest degradation for all analysed parameters was found in the samples treated by drying or pasteurisation at 90 ºC. The lowest losses of studied phytochemical components were observed during juice pasteurisation at 70 ºC. The correlation coefficient between TPC and TAA was high and significant (r2 = 0.966).
Multi-location trials and population-based genotyping reveal high diversity and adaptation to breeding environments in a large collection of red clover
(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2022-12-20) Nay M; Grieder; Frey; Amdahl; Radović, Jasmina; Jaluvka; Palmé; Skøt; Ruttink; Kölliker
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an outcrossing forage legume that has adapted to a wide range of climatic and growing conditions across Europe. Red clover is valued for its high yield potential and forage quality. The high amount of genetic diversity present in red clover provides an invaluable, but often poorly characterized resource to improve key traits such as yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we examined the genetic and phenotypic diversity within a diverse set of 395 diploid red clover accessions via genome wide allele frequency fingerprinting and multi-location field trials across Europe. We found that the genetic structure of accessions mostly reflected their geographic origin and only few cases were detected, where breeders integrated foreign genetic resources into their local breeding pools. Phenotypic performance of accessions in the multi-location field trials revealed a very strong accession x location interaction. Notably, breeding material and cultivars generally performed well at the location where they were developed. Local adaptation was especially prominent in Nordic red clover accessions that showed a distinct adaptation to the growing conditions and cutting regime of the North. Our results confirmed that red clover cultivars were bred from regional ecotypes and show a narrow adaptation to regional conditions. Our study can serve as a valuable basis for identifying interesting material that express the desired characteristics and contribute to the adaptation of red clover to future climatic conditions.
Forage Cultivation Under Challenging Environment
(Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) Milenković, Jasmina; Petrović, Mirjana; Andjelković, Snežana; Mitra, Debasis
We already experience the effects of climate change, and future agricultural output will face a number of challenges. High temperatures, scarcity of water, rising pollution, an increase in weeds and pests are just a few of the negative effects it may have. The area and quality of arable land are both decreasing as a result of climate change. It will not be able to generate adequate feed for animals since the negative effects of climate change will reduce the output of fodder plants. Reduced human food production is the eventual result. Every stage of plant growth is impacted by environmental factors (planting, seed germination, early vegetative growth, flowering, maturing and production of seeds, wintering, seed storage, etc.). Some forage crops could be grown and cultivated on less productive soils and extreme environmental conditions, and this could be their advantage. In order to produce and use forage crops more effectively, new species that are more tolerant to stressful situations must be introduced, as well as wild relatives of conventional species and microbiological fertilizers containing rhizobia and other microorganisms. Plant-based proteins have recently gained popularity as a source of protein, and as many forage plants have a high protein content, they can be used in this quickly expanding industry.
Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Three Clover Species in Relation to the Livestock Diet
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2016-06-14) Petrović, Mirjana; Stanković, Milan; Anđelković, Bojan; Babić, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir; Vasiljević, Sanja; Dajic Stevanovic, Zora
Products of metabolism that are directly involved in growth, development and reproduction and also secondary products of metabolism were studied in 16 natural populations of three species of the genus Trifolium (T. repens – four populations, T. alpestre – three populations, T. pannonicum – nine populations), collected from the central Balkans region, i.e. territory of Serbia. Statistical analysis showed the presence of variability in all species of the test material. The best quality of dry matter, estimated by the ratio of crude protein and crude fiber, was achieved in the populations of white clover. In this species, average protein content was 216.4 g kg-1 while the average content of crude fiber was 222.4 g kg-1. The highest average content of total phenols (77.9 mg GA g-1), flavonoids (159.7 mg Ru g-1) and antioxidant activity (70.2 μg ml-1) was measured in populations of T. pannonicum by phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of plants. The content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in other species were extremely low. Populations of T. pannonicum were notable for fodder quality and antioxidant activity: CS091 with 186.2 g kg-1 of crude protein and antioxidant activity of 55 μg ml-1; RA123 with 175.6 g kg-1 of crude protein and a high level of antioxidant activity of 44.8 μg ml-1. It can be concluded that the selection of these populations may lead to creation of different varieties of fodder crops that could give safe animal feed and would be suitable for growing under adverse conditions of mountainous climate.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertiliser and Lime on the Floristic Composition, Soil Microbes and Dry Matter Yield of Danthonietum calycinae Grassland
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2019-11-08) Zornic, Vladimir; Stevović, Vladeta; Lugić, Zoran; Andjelković, Snežana; Jevtić, Goran; Radović, Jasmina; Petrović, Mirjana
Natural grasslands are significant resources for forage production, which is not exploited enough, mostly because of low production, as a result of bad grasslands management. The research has been carried out on the association Danthonietum calycinae to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen application rates (N20, N80 and N140) and lime (1 tha-1) on the floristic composition, soil microbes and dry matter yield. Botanic composition was strongly influenced by the treatments, especially by N applications. Nitrogen fertilisation led to significant increase of grass species in the association (from 57% to 82%), while higher rate of nitrogen caused a significant decrease of plants from other families (especially legumes). Application of low and medium rate of nitrogen positively effect on microbial abundant in soil, but the highest dose (140 kg N) reduced all microbial count, except fungi. Mineral nitrogen fertilisation had a favourable effect on dry matter yield in all treatments. The highest increase in dry matter yield relative to the control was in N140 treatments (6.66 t ha-1). Results indicated that optimal applications of nutrients for this association is application of PK and lime and 80 kg of nitrogen which enable high yield (6.38 t ha-1) in comparison with control (3.16 t ha-1) and preserving soil fertility and the environment at the same time.
The influence of lead acetate and actinomycetes on germination and growth of vetch plant (Vicia sativa L.)
(Agricultural Research Communication Center, 2018-10-10) Trajkovic; Kostic; Jaksic, Tatjana; Vasic, Tanja; Andjelković, Snežana; Babić, Snežana; Stamenov, Dragana
The influence of different lead acetate concentrations (10 -5 M, 10 -4 M, 10 -3 M, 10 -2 M and 2 x 10 -2 M) both with and without presence of actinomycetes on germination and initial growth (root, leaf length and stem height) of vetch plant (Vicia sativa L.) was rated. Different lead acetate concentrations and actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.) of 5, 7 and 9 breed’s types were used to treat vetch plant seeds. It was perceived that high lead acetate concentration of 2 x 10 -2 M has inhibitory effect on the studied parameters. Probes with the highest concentrations of lead with the presence of actinomycetes as much as 60% more seeds germinated compared to the probes without actinomycetes. Low lead acetate concentrations have stimulating effect on these processes, as applied in the presence of microorganisms, and in probes without inoculation.
Protein and carbohydrate fractions of common vetch-oat mixtures depending on stage of growth and seeding rate in the mixtures
(Pensoft Publishers, 2020-11-08) Marković, Jordan; Vasic, Tanja; Terzic, Dragan; Štrbanović, Ratibor; Knežević, Jasmina; Blagojević; Lazarević
The production and utilization of intercropped legume- cereal bi-crops as ruminant feeds is beneficial for many reasons – legumes are rich in terms of protein concentration, whereas cereals are characterized by higher carbohydrate contents. To improve utilization of common vetch-oat mixtures as feed in Serbia, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions in these feeds using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) depending on the stage of plant development and seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Institute for forage crops, Kruševac – Serbia, in 2015. The field trial was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. In this research, pure stands of common vetch and oat, and their seed mixtures (common vetch:oat – 1:1.5; 1:1 and 1:0.5) were studied harvested at three different cutting stages: beginning of vetch flowering – 10% of flowering; forming the first pods on 2/3 vetch plants and forming green seeds in 2/3 pods. The samples were analyzed for protein and carbohydrate fractions according to CNCPS. Stage of growth affected significantly all carbohydrate and protein fractions, except unavailable PC fraction of crude protein which did not change with plant growth and development. The highest protein fraction was intermediately degraded PB2 fraction of crude protein. The highest carbohydrate fraction was available cell wall – CB3 fraction of carbohydrate. According to the results obtained in these investigations, it was concluded that common vetch-oat mixtures varied significantly with respect to their carbohydrate and protein fraction. Due to lower CC fraction, oat was superior feed in terms of total carbohydrates supply to ruminants. Among all investigated mixtures and pure stand of oat and common vetch, it could be conclude that mixture with 1:1 common vetch-oat rate was superior because of higher CA and CB3 fractions of total carbohydrate and the highest PB2 fraction of crude protein.
Quantitative Traits Breeding for Multifunctional Grasslands and Turf
(Springer Netherlands, 2014) Sokolović, Dejan; Huyghe, Christian; Radović, Jasmina; Sokolović; Huyghe; Radović
The impact of seeding rate and inter-row spacing on Italian ryegrass for seed in the first harvest year
(The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-ULAKBIM) - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS, 2009-01-01) Simić, Aleksandar; Vučković, Savo; Maletic, Radojka; Sokolović, Dejan; Djordevic, Nenad
Acid and Temperature Treatments Result in Increased Germination of Seeds of Three Fescue Species
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2012-09-24) Stanisavljevic, Rade; Vučković, Savo; Simić, Aleksandar; Marković, Jordan; Lakic, Zeljko; Terzic, Dragan; DOKIC
Efficient germination of fescue seeds is essential for successful establishment of meadows and pastures. This research was conducted toÂ ascertain the effects of various acid and temperature treatments on seed germination in three fescue species: Festuca rubra, F. ovina, and F.Â pratensis. Seeds from different cultivars, populations, or lots were exposed either to four concentrations of sulfuric acid at three differentÂ time intervals (12 treatments) or six different temperatures at three different time intervals (18 treatments). Despite all belonging to theÂ genus Festuca, the seed from different species responded differently to the treatments. The three optimum treatments for F. rubra seedÂ involved soaking in a 75% solution of sulfuric acid for 20 minutes (improved the germination rate by 19%), soaking in a 50% solutionÂ of sulfuric acid for 30 minutes (improved the germination rate by 18%) and exposure to either 60Â°C or 70Â°C for 90 minutes (improvedÂ the germination rate by 17%). For F. ovina seed, optimal treatments included soaking seeds for either 10 or 20 minutes in a 50% sulfuricÂ acid solution (both treatments improved germination rates by 13%) or exposing seeds for 30 minutes in a 25% sulfuric acid solution andÂ 80Â°C for 60 minutes (improved germination rate by 12%). Two optimal treatments were identified for F. pratensis seed. Whereas theÂ first involved soaking the seeds in a 75% sulfuric acid solution for 30 minutes (improved germination rates by 22%), the second involvedÂ either exposing the seeds to 90Â°C for 90 or 60 minutes, or exposing the seeds to 80Â°C for 90 minutes (improved germination rate by 21%).Â Our findings indicate that if fescue seed is to be sown during the autumn (two to three months after seed collecting), treating it with acidÂ and temperature can significantly enhance its germination.
A rapid and cost-effective procedure for delineation and utilization of genomic microsatellites for paralleled genotyping in Vicia faba
(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2015-03-31) Aleksic, Jelena M; Banović Đeri, Bojana; MILJUŠ-ĐUKIĆ Jovanka; JOVANOVIĆ Živko; Mikić, Aleksandar; Ćupina, Branko; ZLATKOVIĆ Bojan; Andjelković, Snežana; Spanu, Ilaria; Jelić, Mihailo; MAKSIMOVIĆ Vesna
Short communication: Morphological description and molecular detection of Pestalotiopsis sp. on hazelnut in Serbia
(Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 2017-07-10) Vasic, Tanja; Jevremović, Darko; Krnjaja; Leposavić, Aleksandar; Andjelković, Snežana; Živković, Sanja; Paunović, Svetlana
In autumn 2015, hazelnut plants with leaf blight symptoms were noticed in a commercial plantation in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on morphological characterization, the fungus isolated from the material was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity tests showed that two selected isolates infected hazelnut leaves and fruits that developed symptoms after artificial inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and fruits, confirming Koch’s postulates. Molecular identification was performed with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, EF1-α, and TUB genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of the morphological identification. The detection of Pestalotiopsis sp., a causal agent of leaf blight on hazelnut in Serbia, is one of a few reports of these pathogenic fungi on hazelnut.
Determination of green forage and silage protein degradability of some pea (Pisum sativum L.) + oat (Avena sativa L.) mixtures grown in Serbia
(Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture, 2017-09-16) Blagojević; Djordevic, Nenad; Dinic, Bora; Marković, Jordan; Vasic, Tanja; Milenković; Petrović, Mirjana
The use of different N sources for the treatment of permanent grassland and effect on forage quality
(Pensoft Publishers, 2019-05-05) Simić, Aleksandar; Marković, Jordan; Stojanović, Bojan; Mandić, Violeta; Željko, Dželetović
During an experiment conducted in Serbia, near the city of Šabac over two growing seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14), the yield and quality of grassland treated with an organo-mineral fertilizer (farmyard manure 30 t ha-1 +10 wt.% zeolite) was monitored and compared to fertilization with pure manure (30 t ha-1), spring nitrogen application (50 kg/ha N), treatment with pure zeolite, and treatment without the addition of fertilizers. All fertilizers were spread in the autumn of 2012. Nitrogen was exceptionally applied in the spring of 2013 and 2014. Dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality were evaluated during the growing season, in two forage harvests. In addition to yields, the chemical composition of the biomass, concentrations of total protein fractions and in vitro DM digestibility were examined in detail. The biomass yields of both cuts in the first season were considerably higher after the application of manure with zeolite, pure manure and mineral nitrogen, compared to the control and zeolite. No significant differences among the treatments were noted with regard to the chemical composition of the biomass, or the effect of the type of fertilization on DM digestibility of the biomass from the natural grassland. The application of the organo-mineral fertilizer considerably reduced the share of NPN in total protein, compared to pure manure.
Isoflavones of the red and Hungarian clover and possible impact on animal diet
(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2021-06-29) Petrović, Mirjana; Sokolović, Dejan ; Babić, Snežana; Vymyslický; Marković, Jordan; Zornic, Vladimir; Dajić-Stevanović
Biomass and Protein Yields of Field Peas and Oats Intercrop Affected by Sowing Norms and Nitrogen Fertilizer at Two Different Stages of Growth
(MDPI AG, 2021-09-10) Krga; Simić, Aleksandar; Željko, Dželetović; Babić, Snežana; Katanski, Snežana; Roljević Nikolić, Svetlana; Damnjanović, Jelena
In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.
Autochthonous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance Thymus vulgaris growth in well-watered and drought-stressed conditions
(Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 2021-12-06) Stamenov, Dragana; Djuric, Simonida; Hajnal Jafari, Timea; Andjelković, Snežana
Protein and carbohydrate profiles of a diploid and a tetraploid red clover cultivar
(Agricultural and Food Science, 2022-07-07) Marković, Jordan; Lazarević, Đorđe; Bekčić, Filip; Vasic, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Štrbanović, Ratibor
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is characterized by high dry matter (DM) yield and a high nutritive value. It has a higher concentration of soluble carbohydrate than lucerne and its protein is less degradable in the rumen than lucerne protein. The aim of this study was to quantify the main crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions of a tetraploid (4n, cv K-32) and a diploid (2n, cv K-39) red clover cultivar harvested at three stages of development in the spring growth. Results showed that the cultivar and stage of development had a large impact on chemical composition and the protein and carbohydrate fractions determined by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). The rapidly degradable protein fraction (PA) was significantly higher in the tetraploid (272 to 287 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development) than in the diploid red clover cultivar (214 to 268 g kg-1 CP). Rumen degradable carbohydrate concentration was not affected by cultivar but it was significantly influenced by the stage of development. The concentration of rumen degradable protein decreased from 726 to 655 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development in the diploid red clover cultivar. In conclusion, the tetraploid red clover cultivar was higher in CP, its protein was more rapidly degradable, and it was characterized by lower concentrations of lignin and unavailable carbohydrate fractions than the diploid cultivar.
The change of phytochemical profile in beet juice and the influence of different storage conditions during one year
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2022-09-23) Pavlović, Nenad; Zdravković, Milan; Mladenović, Jelena; Tomić, Dalibor; Marjanović, Miloš; Moravcevic, Djordje; Zdravković, Jasmina
Many scientific researches proved the antioxidative impact of beet and its products. The use of vegetable juices is getting more popular in human diet. The way of storage plays an important role in preservation, long life and minimal variability of phytonutrients. The storage of products, usually in inappropriate conditions, leads to additional loss of phytonutrients, which have already been decreased by processing. In this research, we studied the impact of three ways of storage of pasteurised beet juice during one year, on content of some nutrients (total sugars, vitamin C, phenols and total antioxidative capacity). Pasteurised juice was stored in three ways: in light, at room temperature, in dark, at room temperature and in dark, at temperature of 4 °C. The change of content and differences have been followed during one month and confirmed with ANOVA and Tukey's test. The lowest changes of total sugars have been recorded in storage in dark at 4 °C, while in storage in light, the sugar content increased. The losses of vitamin C during one year of storage had linear trend of decrease. Antioxidative capacity of beet juice depends on concentration of phenol compounds and loss of these parameters was similar during period of one year. The best way of storage was dark place at low temperature.
Susceptibility of grapevine cultivars to Eutypa lata in Serbia
(Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, 2023-08-31) Živković, Sanja; Vasic, Tanja; Marković, Jordan; Jevremović, Darko
The species Eutypa lata is one of the most critical phytopathogenic fungi that presents a threat to vineyards by causing significant economic damage. This grapevine disease is hazardous because there is no adequate chemical protection, so after its progression, there is a decrease in yield and dieback of parts or whole infected shoots. There are also no grapevine cultivars resistant to this disease. For these reasons, in this paper, testing of the susceptibility of a pair of grapevine cultivars to this disease was carried out. The testing was performed under semicontrolled conditions and included six of the most economically essential grapevine cultivars in Serbia (Riesling italico, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cardinal, Rkaziteli, Pinot noir, and Prokupac). Testing was performed using 14 isolates of E. lata isolated in Serbia and two control isolates obtained from the INRA. For specific detection of isolates of Eutypa spp. included in the experiment, a specific pair of primers, Lata 1/Lata 2.2, was applied, and an amplicon of the expected size of approximately 385 bp was established in all isolates. In the conditions of the set experiment, of all of the domestic and foreign-tested grapevine cultivars, the local cultivar Prokupac showed greater resistance to the isolates. In contrast, the cultivars Riesling italico, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cardinal, Pinot noir showed sensitivity to the isolates of E. lata, but not to the same extent as the cultivar Rkaziteli, which proved to be susceptible.

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