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Mycopopulation on raspberries in Serbia.
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2024-10-10) Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Jevremović, Darko; Leposavić, A.; Kovačević, S.; Marković, Jordan; Bulajić, A.
Raspberry is a perennial deciduous plant, bushy or semi-shrubby, with annual and long biennial shoots, which belongs to the rose family. For many years, raspberries have been among the most economically important types of fruit in the Republic of Serbia. So far, there has been no systematic research on raspberry mycopopulation in Serbia. In this paper, we present the results of preliminary research on raspberry mycopopulation originating from Serbia. A total of 28 randomly collected samples from three locations in Serbia were analyzed. Root and stem were analyzed. Plant fragments were carefully washed under running water. The samples thus prepared were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 minute and washed three times in sterile distilled water. They were then dried on sterile filter paper and placed on potato dextrose agar (KDA). In each Petri dish, five fragments taken per sample were placed in five repetitions, and incubated in a thermostat at 24°C. The examination was performed every three days, and on most samples mycelia developed around the plant fragment by the 14th day. Microscopic examination was performed using an Olympus CX31 microscope. The frequency of isolation was calculated in % according to the formula: number of colonized parts with fungi/total number of analyzed plant parts x 100. A total of 700 plant fragments were examined, from which six genera of fungi were isolated: Didymella, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium, Alternaria and Epicoccum.
Nutritional quality of organically grown carrot (Daucus carota L.) and effect of processing.
(2024) Pavlović, Nenad; Marjanović, Miloš; Mladenović, Jelena; Stevović, Vladeta; Petrović, Mirjana; Živković, Ivana; Zdravković, Jasmina
Organically produced food is gaining increased attention from consumers due to the belief that, besides being environmentally friendly, it also contains higher quantities of phytochemical components that play a protective role in human health. In this study, carrots grown organically by six different certified producers were analyzed. The antioxidant nutritional quality of fresh organic carrots, thermally processed juice at 70 °C and 90 °C, and dried slices (55 °C) was investigated. Variations in the concentration of vitamin C, β-carotenoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were observed depending on the producer and the method of thermal processing. The minimal losses of phytochemical components were observed during juice pasteurization at 70 °C, while the drying process resulted in the highest losses. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was identified among vitamin C, β-carotenoids, and TPC with TAA content.
Monitoring of germination ability of conidi of Eutypa lata fungus anamorphic stage isolated from grapevine in Serbia.
(The Balkans Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Belgrade, 2024-06-27) Živković, Sanja; Vasić, Tanja; Filipović, S.; Vasiljević, B.; Katanić, V.; Jevremović, D.; Marković, Jordan
The germination of conidia of anamorphic stage of four Eutypa lata isolates (EL117, EL219, EL227, EL310), previously determined at the molecular level, and two reference isolates BX1.10 and 8F obtained from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, France was monitored in an in vitro experiment. Conidia germination was performed in two methods. The first method of conidia germination was performed by transferring the conidia to YPDA (Yeast Potato Dexstrose Agar), and the second method of germination of conidia, originating from PDA, MA, GWA and WA media, was performed in a drop of sterile water under UV lights for 24 h. By comparing the germination results using the above methods, it was found that the percentage of conidia germination in both cases was very low. Calculation revealed that the average percentage of conidia germination was very low, 0.12%, when germinated on YPDA medium, while the average percentage of conidia germination by exposure to UV light for 15 days was 0.15%.
Evaluating the inclusion of pumpkin seed cake in dairy cows diet on milk production
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2024-10-10) Marković, Jordan; Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Racić, Nedeljko; Lazarević, Đorđe; Stepić, Marija; Blagojević, M.
Pumpkin seed cake, a byproduct of pumkin seed oil processing, is used as lactating cows feeds. Due to the high content of crude protein and high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, pumpkin seed cake could be a good quality feedstuff for ruminants. There is an increased interest in finding alternative protein feeds that can be produced to substitute concentrate components of diets. This study was conducted to evaluate pumpkin seed cake as a substitute for the concentrate component in the diet of lactating cows based on milk production. Eight lactating cows were included in this study with 21 days period of investigation. The cows were divided into two groups: group one was in 60-90 days of lactation and group two was in 120-150 days of lactation. Milk production was measured for 7 consecutive days, from days 1 to 7, 8 to 14 and 15 to 21, respectively. Results of this study showed that pumpkin seed cake is a great source of protein (65.49% of DM) for ruminants, end especially for high producing cows. An increase in milk yield was recorded in this study by 6.68% in the first cows group, and by 7.92% in the second cows group where cowʼs diet was supplemented with pumpkin seed cake.
Influence of different substrates on the quality of pepper seedlings (Capsicum annuum L.)
(Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac,, 2024-03-14) Pavlović, Nenad; Crepuljarević, Vladimir; Mladenović, Jelena; Marjanović, Miloš; Bošković-Rakočević, Ljiljana; Tomić, Dalibor; Gavrilović, Marija; Zdravković, Jasmina
The paper shows the influence of different substrates on the quality of pepper seedlings. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that different substrates had an impact on the biological-morphological characteristics of pepper seedlings. The best results for most of the analyzed biological-morphological characteristics of pepper seedlings, according to the results obtained by the experiment, are related to the substrates “Glistenjak", "K-Potgrond H-Black 90%" and “K-TS1-White 100%”, while the worst results were achieved on the examined substrates of “Coconut Cube”. The mean value for all traits was recorded on the substrate “K- Seedling substrat”.
Determination of the contetnt of bioactive components in different extracts of celery leaves (Apium graveolens L.)
(Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac,, 2024-03-14) Mladenović, Jelena; Vranjevac, Ivana; Brković, Duško; Pavlović, Nenad; Marjanović, Miloš; Zdravković, Jasmina; Nenad, Đurić
Plants with active compounds, i.e. those that have medicinal properties have been used since ancient times both for medicinal purposes and for preserving food. The aim of the work is to determine the most optimal extraction method for obtaining the highest yield of vitamin C and organic acids from celery leaves, which could have potential application in the food industry. Three extraction methods were combined, the density of the obtained extracts, the content of vitamin C and the content of organic acids were measured. The correlation of the content of bioactive components and the density of the obtained extracts was monitored.
Mycopopulation on seed of weed plants in organic vegetable production
(Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac,, 2024) Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Katanić, V.; Vasiljević, B.; Jevremović, D.; Marković, Jordan
What often happens that weeds are not controlled after harvesting the cultivated crop. Thus, they continue to grow unhindered on agricultural land, becoming dangerous hosts for a large number of plant diseases and sources of constant infection. So far, there have been no systematic studies of the mycopopulation of weed seeds in Serbia. In this paper, we present the results of preliminary research. Weed seeds samples were collected during the summer and autumn vegetation of 2023. Isolation was performed using standard phytopathological methods. In these studies of the mycopopulation of weed seeds, a total of 500 seeds originating from ten weed species were examined. Seven genera of fungi were determined in this way: Penicillium Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Rhizopus and Mucor.
Effects of lime on alfalfa cultivars yield on acidic soil
(Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac,, 2024-03-14) Racić, Nedeljko; Stevović, Vladeta; Zornic, Vladimir; Petrović, Mirjana; Prijović, Mladen; Radović, Jasmina
Soil acidity limits the cultivation of alfalfa and the effecting of high yields. The experiment was set up on acidic soil to determine the effect of lime (0, 1 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1) on forage yield of alfalfa cultivars (K-28, Zuzana, NS-Nijagara) in the year of establishment. The yield of the liming variants was higher in all three cut and total yield, compared to the control. The significant differences in yield were only in the third cut, where the K-28 (4.76 t ha-1) and NS-Nijagara (4.46 t ha-1) had a higher yield compared to the Zuzana (3.65 t ha-1). Interaction cultivar/lime was significant only in the first cut, while in the other two cuts and in the total yield it wasn't.
Lignification as the major factor limiting red clover DM and NDF digestibility.
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy [in] Čačak, 2024-03-14) Marković, Jordan; Racić, Nedeljko; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Vasić, Tanja; Živković, Sanja; Cekić, Bogdan
NDF is a good indicator of fiber content in forages, but on the other hand NDF digestibility gives more accurate estimates of total digestible nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate two red clover cultivars for NDF digestibility and DM digestibility depending on the stage of the development - mid bud stage, early bloom and mid bloom, harvesting in three different cuts. Results of this study showed that lignin content increased with plant maturation in all three cuts. The highest lignin content was determined in the third cut ranged from 5.87 to 5.92% and 5.56 to 6.53% in DM of K 39 and K 32 red clover cultivars. Intensive lignifications of cell wall in the third cut influenced the highest decreasing of NDF digestibility.
Landolt indicator values changes as result of fertilization in Danthonia alpina grassland
(The Organising Committee of the 30th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, on behalf of the Dutch-Flemish Society for Grassland and Fodder Crops (NVWV); Steve Bikostraat 300, 3573 BH Utrecht., 2024) Zornic, Vladimir; Petrović, Mirjana; Babić, Snežana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Tomić, Dalibor; Racić, Nedeljko; Radović, Jasmina
On natural grasslands, application of mineral fertilizers increases dry matter yields and also changes the botanical composition of plant communities. The objective of this study is to examine how the Danthonia alpina Vest type grassland changed as a result of fertilization in the hilly Balkan region. Unfertilized control and four fertilized treatments P60K60 (PK), N20P60K60 (N20), N80P60K60 (N80) and N140P60K60 (N140), were applied annually during a four-year period were examined. Mean Landolt’s ecological indicator values (moisture (F), nutrients (N) and temperature (T)), were calculated for each treatment. The fertilized plots showed higher F and N, but lower T value, and the changes became more evident at the fourth year of application. During the research period, the NxPK treatments had a greater effect than PK treatments. The F was highest in treatments N140 (2,97) four years after fertilizers were applied; Nevertheless, T decreased greatly in the fourth year and ranged from 3,40 (control) to 3,03 (N140). In our experiment, short-term fertilizer application changed Landolt’s ecological indicator values, which is the opposite of ongoing climate change effects.
Divergence analysis of Cucurbita pepo L. population for seed oil production
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2024-11-04) TOMIĆ; RADOVANOVIĆ; MARJANOVIĆ; ĐUROVIĆ; STEVOVIĆ; PAVLOVIĆ; Lazarević, Đorđe; Zornic, Vladimir; MADIĆ
The work aim was to analyze the divergence of the genotypes of common pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and to select suitable parents for the breeding program to increase the production of cold-pressed oil. For the analysis of the yield components of the genotypes, the fruits of the common pumpkin were collected in autumn and winter 2021-2022 in central and Western Serbia. There were 19 genotypes (G1-G19) collected randomly in a larger geographical area. The following analyses were carried out: fruit weight, seed weight per fruit, seed number per fruit, thousand seeds weight, percentage of seeds in the total weight of the fruit, percentage of kernel in the total weight of the seed and seed oil content. The results revealed highly significant differences between the common pumpkin genotypes for analyzed traits at a significance of P≤0.05, indicating the presence of sufficient, considerable genetic variability between the different genotypes. The most significant seed yield components in the pumpkin fruit itself were in significant positive correlations with the oil content in the seeds. The genotypes were divided into 5 clusters. The highest seed weight per fruit and seed oil content were represented in G16, G9 and G12. The results indicate that crossing parents G13, G7, G14, G6, G8, G4, G3, G11 on one side and G16, G9, G12 on the other side is expected to result in high heterosis and a high probability of new combinations to obtain higher yielding cultivars of common pumpkin with higher oil content.
Breeding potential of morphological and phytochemical characteristics of landraces and autochthone varieties of Capsicum annuum L. in Republic of Serbia
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2024-02-13) MLADENOVIĆ; PAVLOVIĆ; MARJANOVIĆ; TOMIĆ; GRUBIŠIĆ; Zornic, Vladimir; Zdravković, Jasmina
By maintaining a large number of local pepper genotypes, it is possible to preserve a large number of desirable genes that can be used in different pepper selection programs. The aim of this study was to classify a part of the collection of 15 genotypes (11 populations and 4 varieties originating from autochthonous populations) of peppers originating from Republic of Serbia. Morphological characteristics (weight, length, width, pericarp thickness, color before fruit ripening, shape and number of fruit chambers) and 10 phytochemical parameters of the fruit (carbohydrates, essential oils, ash, cellulose, beta carotene, potassium, iron, vitamin C, total phenols, antioxidant activity) were studied. Using statistical multivariate techniques (PCA and Cluster analysis), the degree of variation between local populations was assessed and diversity was determined based on the morphological and nutritional characteristics of pepper fruits. Morphological traits were determined using two main components that accounted for 70.3% of the variability. These components accounted for 49.8% of the variation in nutritional traits. The ‘Čokotanka’ population would be suitable for individual selection and reduced divergence within the population, since it has 6 tested traits that resulted in high diversity index. Populations ‘Stojankina kletva’, ‘Lalić’ and ‘Strižanka’ would be suitable for recombination of genes to improve the properties of individual selection programs for this vegetable species.
Methanotrophy: A Biological Method to Mitigate Global Methane Emission
(MDPI AG, 2024-04-25) Rani; Pundir; Verma; Joshi; Verma; Andjelković, Snežana; Babić, Snežana; Milenković, Jasmina; Mitra
Methanotrophy is a biological process that effectively reduces global methane emissions by utilizing microorganisms that can utilize methane as a source of energy under both oxic and anoxic conditions, using a variety of different electron acceptors. Methanotrophic microbes, which utilize methane as their primary source of carbon and energy, are microorganisms found in various environments, such as soil, sediments, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. These microbes play a significant role in the global carbon cycle by consuming methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and converting it into carbon dioxide, which is less harmful. However, methane is known to be the primary contributor to ozone formation and is considered a major greenhouse gas. Methane alone contributes to 30% of global warming; its emissions increased by over 32% over the last three decades and thus affect humans, animals, and vegetation adversely. There are different sources of methane emissions, like agricultural activities, wastewater management, landfills, coal mining, wetlands, and certain industrial processes. In view of the adverse effects of methane, urgent measures are required to reduce emissions. Methanotrophs have attracted attention as multifunctional bacteria with potential applications in biological methane mitigation and environmental bioremediation. Methanotrophs utilize methane as a carbon and energy source and play significant roles in biogeochemical cycles by oxidizing methane, which is coupled to the reduction of various electron acceptors. Methanotrophy, a natural process that converts methane into carbon dioxide, presents a promising solution to mitigate global methane emissions and reduce their impact on climate change. Nonetheless, additional research is necessary to enhance and expand these approaches for extensive use. In this review, we summarize the key sources of methane, mitigation strategies, microbial aspects, and the application of methanotrophs in global methane sinks with increasing anthropogenic methane emissions.
Characterization of Chestnut Tannins: Bioactive Compounds and Their Impact on Lamb Health
(MDPI AG, 2024-11-27) Cekić; Marković, Jordan; Maksimović; Ružić-Muslić; Maksimović; Ćosić; Zeljić Stojiljković
The objective of the present study was to characterize the chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin product, Farmatan Plus® (Tanin Sevnica d.d., Sevnica, Slovenia), and to subsequently examine its effects on the blood metabolic parameters of fattening lambs, particularly in relation to their health status. Thirty lambs were randomly divided into three treatment groups: a control group without added tannin and two groups that received 9.46 g of the tannin product/kg of the diet dry matter (DM) and 18.87 g of the tannin product/kg of the diet DM. Metabolic parameters such as contents of total protein, globulin, urea, and liver enzymes (AST and GGT) were measured over a trial period of 60 days to evaluate the effects of tannin supplementation. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of Farmatan Plus®, demonstrating its richness in bioactive compounds such as vescalin and castalagin. The results showed no significant adverse effects on lamb health, with all parameters remaining within normal physiological ranges (p > 0.05). These results support the safe inclusion of chestnut tannins in the diet of lambs and underline their potential as a functional feed additive that can positively influence the health and growth performance of ruminants.
Effectiveness of the process of cleaning natural alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds
(2020) Đokić, Dragoslav; Stanisavljević, Rade; Milenković, Jasmina; Koprivica, Ranko; Knežević, Jasmina; Vuković, A.; Terzić, Dragan
This paper presents the results of the cleaning tests of three different natural alfalfa seed lots and three different red clover seed lots performed using seed processing machines. The alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and the red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) are two of the most important perennial forage legumes in the Republic of Serbia. Alfalfa and red clover seeds for sowing should be clean, i.e. free from weeds and foreign matter, and of high germination and genetic values. Such requirements can only be achieved by cleaning, i.e. removing all undesirable impurities and poor-quality seeds. The following parameters important for the seed cleaning process and equipment were observed: seed purity, contents of weed and other crop seeds, inert substance content, amounts of processed seeds (kg), seed loss and processing output. The results obtained facilitate (depending on the amount and type of weeds and other impurities found in the alfalfa and red clover seed lots considered) the proper adjustment of the seed processing equipment to obtain the largest possible quantity of quality seeds that are in compliance with the laws and regulations of Serbia.
Yield and nutritive value of cocksfoot (Dactilys glomerata L.).
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2020-10-09) Babić, Snežana; Sokolović, Dejan; Radović, Jasmina; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Zornic, Vladimir; Prijović, Mladen
Response of Italian ryegrass seed crop to nitrogen fertilization and trinexapac-ethyl application.
(University of Banja Luka Faculty of Agriculture, 2020-09-24) Jovanović-Radovanov, K.; Simić, A.; Radivojević, M.; Mandić, V.; Bijelić, Z.; Sokolović, Dejan; Babić, Snežana
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) is prone to lodging as consequence of high precipitation levels during growth period, and/or high nitrogen fertilizers application rates in spring. The aims of the studies were to determine the possible changes of Italian ryegrass growth in the first production year using different nitrogen spring application rates and growth regulator doses. Field trials were conducted during two consecutive years under no irrigation conditions. Tetraploid Italian ryegrass cv. K-29 was seeded each autumn with seedling rate of 20 kg ha–1 and fertilizer addition (NPK 8:16:24) 250kg ha-1 . Three rates of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 ) were applied at early spring, and somewhat later three doses (0, 0.5 and 1 L ha−1 ) of growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl. Trials were set as complete randomized block design with four replications and plot size of 10 m2 . Prior to the seed harvest, biometrical traits such as number of generative tillers, internodes’ length, stem length, spike length and the number of spikelets per spike were measured on 10 randomly sampled tillers from each plot. Due to different precipitation levels (relatively low in the first and relatively high in the second year of examination) there was significantly different effect of trinexapacethyl on Italian ryegrass. All morphological parameters measured except 5th internodes’ length and spikelet number were statistically significantly different from control in the first year while the only difference was evident for the 4th internodes’ length in the second year. As for nitrogen application there were significantly differences in 5th and 6 th internodes’ length as well as in tiller and spike length in the first year but only in regard to tiller length in the second year. The opposite effect of those treatments could be useful for optimizing Italian ryegrass seed production in Serbian environmental conditions.
Ca:P ratio and content of Ca and P in some annual legumes – oat mixtures depending on seeding rate and stage of growth.
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (CIHEAM - IAMB) Italy, 2020-10-08) Marković, Jordan; Vasić, T.; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Babić, Snežana
Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important for animal health. The dietary levels of Ca and P should be balanced to increase their availability and utilization. The research was conducted at Institute for forage crops Kruševac in 2015-2016 to determine the effects of seeding rates in mixtures of pea : oat and common vetch : oat and cutting stages on the Ca and P content, as well as Ca : P ratio. The experiment was performed using five different mixture rates of pea and oat crops, five different mixture rates of common vetch and oat crops and three different cutting stages (beginning of pea and common vetch flowering – 10% of flowering, forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants and forming green seeds in 2/3 pods). Results of investigation showed that Ca content was the highest at the forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants, while phosphorus content increased from 2.70 to 3.40 g kg-1 with common vetch growth and development and from 2.57 to 3.10 g kg-1 with pea growth and development. Pure sown common vetch and pea were characterized by the highest average Ca and P content. Ca : P ratio decreased with plant growth and development in pea : oat mixtures, as well as in common vetch : oat mixtures. The highest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown common vetch and pure sown pea, whereas the lowest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown oat.
The presence of free-living nitrogen-fixers in soils of Stara Planina mountain in Serbia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2020) Andjelković, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir; Babić, Snežana; Milenković, Jasmina; Jevtić, Goran; Marković, Jordan; Bekčić, Filip
The community structure and number of microorganisms are different in different soil types, and they represent the result of interactions between the soil type, plant species, localization of the microorganism in rhizosphere, anthropogenization and other factors. Certain microorganisms known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen are also important for the development of healthy soil structure. Furthermore, they are important for the nitrogen input to soils in agroecosystem and represent economically attractive and ecologically acceptable means for reducing external inputs and improving soil quality. Soil samples were taken from pastures and meadows in the area of Stara Planina Mountain. According to its geographical and climatic conditions the area is characterized by typical hilly-mountainous regions with meadow and pasture systems for fodder production. The aim of this research was to examine quality of grasslands soil, so the parameters of soil fertility and number of free-living nitrogen-fixers from 55 locations were determined. The largest number of soil samples were characterized showed good amounts of soil organic matter, high nitrogen content and slightly acidic chemical reaction. Fjodorov agar was used for determining the number of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and their abundance ranged from 6.378 to 7.021 (log of number) per gram of absolutely dry soil.
Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes and Biocontrol Agent for Plant Nutrition and Protection: Current Perspective.
(2020) Mitra, D.; Andjelković, Snežana; Panneerselvam, P.; Senapati, A.; Vasić, T.; Ganeshamurthy, A.; Chauhan, M.; Uniyal, N.; Mahakur, B.; Radha, T.
Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM) are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and helps plant to acquire phosphates from soil. The availability of phosphates in soil are governed by several factors among which the proton exchange capacity has been regarded to be the most important factor involved in cation complex formations with soluble phosphates making them unavailable to plants, thereby disturbing the phosphorus cycling events found in arable soils. PSM solubilizes the cation complexes and thereby improves the functioning of phosphorus cycle in soil. In addition to involvement in biogeochemical cycling events, PSM have been also found to have antagonistic potential against several plant phytopathogens. These biocontrol microbes represent the most abundant groups of soil microflora. Among which some nutrient solubilizers have been used for effective biocontrol of important plant diseases. This review article shows contributions of different plant growth promoters used in nutrient and disease management practices in agriculture.

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