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    Status and prospects of livestock breeding and animal feed production in the Republic of Serbia in the context of climate change
    (Instituta za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu iz Beograda i Naučno poslovnog centra ''WORLD'' iz Kraljeva, 2025-01-30) Lugić, Zoran; Zornic, Vladimir; Petrović, Mirjana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Racić, Nedeljko; Mandić, Violeta; Babić, Snežana
    Animal husbandry is the most important branch of agriculture because it produces the most important food for people. Forage plants, grasslands and pastures are a cheap and high-quality source of food for animals. They create a large vegetative mass and are rich in proteins, carbohydrates and other nutrients. The climatic condition in Serbia is favorable for forage production of most important forage crops. The crop structure on arable land is very unfavorable, primarily from the aspect of animal feed production and sustainable land use. The trend of decreasing areas under arable forage plants, meadows and pastures coincides with the trend of decreasing numbers of all types of domestic animals, especially cattle, sheep and pigs. One of the main reasons for the decline in livestock production is the low competitiveness and accumulative nature of this production.
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    THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON THE QUALITY OF HONEY IN RASINA REGION FOR THE PERIOD OF 2019-2024
    (University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2025-10-02) Jevtić, Goran; Babić, Snežana; Andjelković, Snežana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Petrović, Mirjana; Zornic, Vladimir; Matović, K.
    The paper monitored the influence of weather conditions (temperature, air humidity, sunshine and rainfall) on the quality of acacia honey, meadow honey and honeydew in the period 2019- 2024. from the territory of the Rasin district in Serbia. Weather conditions were monitored both throughout the year and for 30 days during the acacia flowering. The parameters of honey quality were determined according to the methods of the Rulebook on the quality of honey and other bee products (2015). According to this rulebook, the following parameters of honey quality were determined: the amount of water, free acids, reducing sugars, sucrose, substances insoluble in water, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity and electrical conductivity. When it comes to the weather in this period, two years stand out. One of these was 2024, dry and warm with high temperatures, low humidity and little precipitation. The other is 2023, which was warm and humid, when a high average temperature was measured, but also the highest amount of precipitation and the highest air humidity. After the weather conditions were followed 30 days since the flowering of acacia, we concluded that the year 2022 was the warmest, and that the other parameters were the highest in 2023. The weather conditions, in all three analyzed types of honey, had the greatest influence on the amount of water and the amount of free acids. In 2023, all three types of honey had the most water and the most free acids. Acacia honey had slightly more water in 2021 and less sucrose in 2023. Honeydew has an increased content of free acids and their presence in honey does not depend much on weather conditions.
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    Mineral composition of alfalfa grown in soils with increased concentrations of trace elements
    (World Alfalfa Congress, 2025-11-03) Andjelković, Snežana; Pešić, S.; Tošić-Jojević, S.; Sikirić, B.; Milinković, M.; Mrvić, V.; Stajković-Srbinović, O.
    Growing plants in soils with increased content of potentially toxic elements requires careful management due to the elements entry into the food chain through crops. In this study, the alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown in the two locations on Fluvisol with different increased nickel (Ni) concentrations: location Mala Ivanča (near Belgrade) with 58 mg kg-1 and location Globoder (near Kruševac) with 195 mg kg-1 of Ni. In addition, the soil near Kruševac has increased concentrations of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). Inoculation of alfalfa with different rhizobial strains (Ensifer meliloti) was performed. The experiments were established both under the field and greenhouse conditions in spring 2024. In the field conditions inoculation of alfalfa seeds (variety K-28) was performed with the strains of rhizobia, E. meliloti 218, 224, G-nov, 4193cs, 217k, 252. Inoculation of alfalfa grown in pots (greenhouse conditions) with additional seven strains of rhizobia (GPD2, 225, Melxx, 10-2BM, L3Si, L4, 4148ss) was done. The dry mass yield and elements concentrations in alfalfa plants (N, As, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb) were measured. The plants analysis was done in first cut at the beginning of flowering. It was shown that dry mass yield and Ni concentrations were influenced by the soil characteristics, treatment as well as their interaction. In some inoculated treatments the increase in dry mass yield (up to 20%) and nitrogen content compared to non-treated control plants was observed. The differences between two soil locations were more pronounced under the field conditions then in the greenhouse, where the best performant characteristic showed two treatments E.meliloti 252 and 4193cs. Inoculation with some strains decreased Ni concentration (up to 40%) compared to the control, depending on the strain and type of soil. Alfalfa Ni concentrations in shoots varied from 1.73 up to 7.35¯mg¯kgˆ’1, depending on the soil type, the treatment and culture conditions. The significantly higher concentration of Ni, Cr and Pb in plants of all treatments were detected in the soil with their higher concentrations. Generally, more elements were stored in roots than in alfalfa shoots. Concentrations of all tested elements were mainly within the range of common values for plants. Further research is necessary to evaluate the effects on growth in the second and third year of the trial.
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    Aluminum toxicity in alfalfa seedlings: Effects on root growth and antioxidative defense in three cultivars
    (World Alfalfa Congress, 2025-11-03) Stepić, Marija; Joković, N.; Vitorović, J.; Bekčić, Filip; Petrović, Mirjana; Andjelković, Snežana; Radović, Jasmina
    Aluminum toxicity is a major limiting factor for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth in acidic soils (pH<5.5), posing a significant challenge to global agriculture. High concentrations of toxic aluminum ions induce oxidative stress, leading to reduced yield in alfalfa growing regions in the whole world. Toxic effects are manifesting primarily in the root after which affect the development of overall plant tissues. Particularly susceptible are alfalfa seedlings. This study aimed to assess the effect of aluminum toxicity on root growth and biochemistry in seedlings of three alfalfa cultivars (Zuzana, K-28, and O-66). The perfored platform containing seeds was placed put in half-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution (pH 6) for 7 days. After that period, the pH of solution was adjusted to 4.5 and aluminium chloride was added to a final concentration of 100 μM. The response of three alfalfa cultivars to aluminum stress was evaluated after 14 days. The most affected traits were root elongation and lateral root formation in all cultivars, both of which showed the significant decrease in aluminum treatment. The inhibited activity of two antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), also occurred in all cultivars. Root length was significantly reduced in all cultivars compared to the control groups, among which O-66 showed the most pronounced reduction. In contrast, cultivars Zuzana and K-28 showed no significant difference from each other but displayed significantly longer roots than cultivar O-66 under aluminum stress. Lateral root formation followed a similar trend, further highlighting the toxic impact of aluminum on root development in all three cultivars. The activity of APX and SOD was significantly reduced in all three cultivars under aluminum treatment. The greatest percentage inhibition of both enzymes was observed in cultivar O-66, indicating a higher sensitivity to aluminum-induced oxidative stress compared to the other two cultivars. Aluminum toxicity significantly decreased root growth and antioxidative enzyme activity in alfalfa seedlings, with cultivar O-66 showing the highest sensitivity. Root elongation and lateral root formation were most reduced in O-66, along with the greatest inhibition of SOD and APX activity. In contrast, Zuzana and K-28 exhibited greater tolerance. These findings highlight the impact of aluminum stress on alfalfa and point to interpopulation variability among these three cultivars.
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    Pre-sowing inoculation of rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a way to increase alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) variety productivity on acid soil
    (World Alfalfa Congress, 2025-11-03) Racić, Nedeljko; Stevović, Vladeta; Andjelković, Snežana; Sokolović, Dejan; Radović, Jasmina; Lugić, Zoran; Zornic, Vladimir
    In regions with well-developed livestock farming, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) holds significant agricultural value due to its high yield of biomass, rich protein, vitamin, and calcium content, and exceptional digestibility. One of the things that limit the long-term growth of alfalfa in acidic soil is reduced microbial activity. Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) synergistically enhance alfalfa productivity, making microbial inoculation a sustainable solution for acidic soils. It is important to examine how the selected rhizobia strain and AMF inoculants affect the productivity of alfalfa varieties grown on acidic soil. This study monitored the effects of pre-sowing seed inoculation: control, rhizobia-Ensifer meliloti strain 218, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and their mixed inoculation in three alfalfa cultivars (K-28, Zuzana, and Nijagara). The pots experiment was conducted under semi-controlled conditions in a greenhouse at the Institute for Forage Crops in Kruševac . Acidic soil (pHKCl 4.55) from the Maƒçkovac location at a depth of 0-30 cm was used for sowing. Measurements included the number of nodules, mycorrhizal colonization, shoot dry matter yields, root dry matter yields, protein yield, and phosphorus content. Results from (Graph 1) show that the application of both inoculants significantly affected all treatments. The application of Ensifer meliloti strain 218 significantly increased the number of nodules by 25-40% and root dry matter yields by 20- 40% compared to the other treatments. All inoculation treatments had a highly positive effect on shoot dry matter yields, with increases of up to 30%, and significantly increased protein yields compared to the control treatments. The AMF and mixed inoculation treatments significantly increased mycorrhizal colonization on alfalfa roots compared to the other treatments, which resulted in higher phosphorus uptake. The Zuzana variety produced the highest number of nodules in all inoculation treatments compared to other varieties, while the K-28 variety with rhizobia showed significantly higher dry matter of shoots and protein yields compared to other varieties. The Nijagara cultivar exhibited the highest dry matter yield of roots in rhizobia treatments. According to the findings, alfalfa productivity is positively impacted by both single and mixed inoculation, with mixed inoculation and AMF treatments. standing out as particularly beneficial for nutrient uptake and overall growth. In future research, it is necessary to assess how these inoculants perform under field conditions and determine their long-term effects.
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    Collecting crop wild relatives of forage species to increase the agrobiodiversity
    (LiveSeeding, the Polytechnic University of Coimbra, and supporting organisations and projects, 2025-05-26) Petrović, Mirjana; Zornic, Vladimir; Lugić, Zoran; Racić, Nedeljko; Prijović, Mladen; Vymyslický, Tomaš
    Genetic resources of cultivated plants are the irreplaceable wealth of our planet, created by nature and later by the purposeful creative work of man. Crop wild relatives (CWR) are one of the plant genetic resources components, and an essential item in the attempt to introduce greater diversity into cropping systems (Halewood et al., 2018). Collecting and evaluation of CWR has a long tradition in Serbia and Czech Republic, but common activates started in 2011. Researchers from the Institute for Forage Crops in Kruševac and the Agricultural Research in Troubsko collaborated to collect wild relatives of fodder crops in both of their countries (Petrović et al., 2024). In this contribution we present the results of collecting plant genetic resources from the territory of Southern Serbia during the period 9. 8. – 12. 8. 2021. This region is environmentally significantly different from the rest of the country. These differences are caused by the effect of the Mediterranean climate. The vegetation cover is characterized by Sub-mediterranean plant communities in the lower altitudes, which are thermophilous and xerophilous, containing many annual plant species. The vegetation at higher elevations is more mesophilous, containing mostly species typical of the Central European floristic zone. We gathered 45 seed samples throughout a more than 1000-meter elevation gradient, beginning at 450 meters and ending at 1600 meters above sea level. The database containing passport data for each collected sample was created. Gathered samples belong to the Fabaceae family: 13 species of genus Trifolium (T. aureum Pollich., T. repens L., T. medium L., T. pratense L., T. alpestre L., T. pannonicum Jacq., T. hybridum L., T. angustifolium L., T. lappaceum L., T. campestre Schreb., T. striatum L., T. retusum L., T. vesiculosum Savi), Lathyrus sylvestris L., Anthyllis vulneraria L., Vicia cracca L., Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W. D. J. Koch, Medicago minima L., Dorycnium germanicum (Gremli) Rikli and two Poaceae species – Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Borbás and Aegilops ovata L. Samples are stored in active collections in both institutes in Kruševac and Troubsko. As soon as the sufficient amount of seed has been multiplied, the samples will be stored in the gene banks of both countries. Collected seed samples of fodder wild relatives are a very valuable source of genetic variation that is a key element in any breeding process (Vymyslický et al., 2023).
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    Biomass quality of the faba bean lines
    (Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 2025-09-29) Milenković, Jasmina; Zornic, Vladimir; Andjelković, Snežana; Bekčić, Filip; Stepić, Marija; Petrović, Mirjana
    Many studies have shown that various parts of the faba bean plant (Vicia faba L.) contain useful compounds, including protein, fiber, and a wide range of bioactive substances. The chemical composition of faba bean plant sections varies depending on the plant's genotype and growing conditions. Aside from the grain, the faba bean plant contains relatively little protein. This study evaluated ten promising faba bean lines with high grain protein content identified in prior research. These lines are derived from local Serbian faba bean populations, and previous research indicated that their grain has high protein content (more than 27%). A two-year experiment with two replications was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute for Forage Crops Kruševac, utilizing a random block design. The plants were cut at the green pod stage when the seeds had formed but the plants remained green because higher protein content and higher biomass quality were expected. The following parameters were assessed using the Weende method: crude protein, crude cellulose, ash, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The results showed significant variance across the studied faba bean lines. Dry mass content ranged from 90% to 91.4%, crude protein content from 18.3% to23.3%, crude cellulose from 14.2% to 25.6%, crude ash from 6.3% to 9.4%, crude fat from 0.4% to 2.1%, and NFE content from 41.2% to 50.3%. As expected, the protein level in the biomass was high at this stage of mowing, possibly due to the developed grains. This biomass is a high-quality feed for fresh and ensiling applications. Furthermore, the high levels of some of the other assessed parameters indicate that more research is needed on the dry matter content of the entire faba bean plant at this cutting stage.
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    Metabolomic analysis of Trifolium pannonicum using NMR spectroscopy and Chenomx: advantages and limitations
    (Croatian Chemical Society, 2025-09-18) Simić, Katarina; Petrović, Mirjana; Marković, Teodora ; Vučković, Ivan; Anđelković, Boban; Ivanović, S.; Sofrenović, Ivana
    Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.), a previously underutilized forage legume of growing agricultural importance, was investigated for its metabolomic complexity and antioxidant potential.[1] Two genotypes—Panon (a cultivated variety) and a natural Balkan population—were compared to T. hybridum (Swedish clover) as a control. A total of 52 samples, collected at the budding stage optimal for forage use, were extracted with solvent mixture (MeOD: buffer KH2PO4 in D2O, v/v = 1:1) and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate analyses (PCA and OPLS-DA) revealed clear genotype-level separation. Combined 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), supported by spectral database comparison (Chenomx), led to the identification of 24 metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and phenolic acids—most notably eucomic and hydroxyeucomic acids. Special attention was given to evaluating the advantages and limitations of the Chenomx platform. Chenomx offers robust tools for metabolite identification and quantification, particularly in complex biological samples. Its capacity to resolve overlapping signals through the utilization of an integrated spectral library facilitates relatively accurate compound profiling in the absence of pure standards.[2] The software’s simplicity allows even users without advanced NMR expertise to navigate it effectively. However, its performance strongly depends on spectral quality and database coverage; unidentified compounds and spectral overlap remain major limitations. Moreover, given that the software is optimized for 1D 1H NMR, its utility in resolving structurally complex metabolites is limited. In this study, the characterization of eucomic and hydroxyeucomic acids in complex mixtures required verification through 2D NMR experiments. While Chenomx enabled initial spin system identification, full structural elucidation was only possible using complementary 2D NMR experiments.
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    Trace elements in the soil-plant system: Alfalfa and nickel case study
    (ECSSS, 2025-09-08) Milinković, M.; Pešić, M.; Tošić Jojević, S.; Andjelković, Snežana; Sikirić, B.; Stajković Srbinović, O.
    In Serbian soils, nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are found in elevated concentrations over significant areas, often these elements origin is geochemical (from basic and ultrabasic rocks which account for about 4% of territory), but it can also be the result of anthropogenic pollution. Elevated Ni and Cr concentrations often occur in soils, which are generally suitable for agricultural production, including alfalfa cultivation. With the aim to select the nickel contaminated soil, agricultural soils from 15 locations in the central part of the country were examined for basic soil properties, and content and solubility of heavy metals. The soils with contrasting Ni concentrations (with slightly elevated and remediation Ni concentrations) were selected for further monitoring of alfalfa-soil interactions and elements translocation. The both soils were slightly acidic, moderately supplied with humus, nitrogen and available potassium, with clay mechanical composition. In addition, the inoculation with effective nitrogen-fixing bacteria rhizobia was performed at the beginning of trial, to ensure stable yields, and to examine the effect of strains on the accumulation of trace metals in the above-ground part of plants. Lower solubility of metals in weakly acidic soil and adsorption on clay minerals possibly affected the lower mobility and accessibility of elements in the soil. There is a pronounced accumulation of elements in the roots of the plant, which is confirmed by the translocation factor, which is generally less than 1. The Ni concentrations in alfalfa shoots varied depending on the strain, soil Ni and growing conditions, where inoculation with some strains reduced the Ni concentration compared to uninoculated plants. Concentrations of all tested elements were mostly in the range of common values for plants. In the soil with a higher content of Ni and Cr, significantly higher concentrations of these elements were found in all treatments, but a greater mass of alfalfa was also measured. The results indicate that inoculation of alfalfa with effective rhizobial strains showed potential for improvement of plants growth and phytostabilisation of trace elements in the soils. Further research is necessary to enable a better explanation of the relationships in the soil-plant-microorganisms system.
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    Examination of Microbiological Properties of Agricultural Soils on Area the Municipality of Lučani
    (University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2025-10-02) Jevtić, Goran; Andjelković, Snežana; Babić, Snežana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Racić, Nedeljko; Mitra, D.; Zornic, Vladimir
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    The Eeffect of Oxalic Acid on the Control of Varroa Destructor During Autumn Season 2023 and 2024
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2025-10-02) Nedić, N.; Vojt, D.; Matović, K.; Jevtić, Goran
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    Kolekcioninisanje semena krmnih vrsta na području Slovačke
    (Smederevska Palanka : Institut za povrtarstvo, 2025-11-06) Petrović, Mirjana; Racić, Nedeljko; Zornic, Vladimir; Babić, Snežana; Andjelković, Snežana; Lugić, Zoran
    Kako bi proces selekcije krmnih kultura u Institutu za krmno bilje neometano tekao i kako bi se obogatila postojeća kolekcija, tokom nešto duže od jedne decenije organizuje se prikupljanje semena divljih srodnika gajenih vrsta na prostoru Srbije, Češke i Slovačke. U 2025. godini kolekcionisanje je sprovedeno u periodu od 18.08. do 22.08. u zaštićenom području Bjeli Karpati, Republike Slovačke. Prostor se geomorfološki može okarakterisati kao blago pobrđe do brdsko područje, sa intenzivno razvijenom poljoprivredom i ratarskim kulturama u dolinama, i dobro održavanim travnjacima na padinama i nešto višim regijama. Kolekcionisanjem je obuhvaćen visinski gradijent od 234 m do 624 m n.v. Uzorci su prikupljeni na kserotermnim i mezofilnim livadama, obodu šuma ili pokraj lokalnih puteva. U ekspediciji je učestvovalo 6 institucija i 17 istraživača. Predmet kolekcionisanja bile su krmne, lekovite i ukrasne vrste. Tokom pet dana obišli smo 14 lokaliteta i prikupljeno je ukupno 100 uzoraka. Svi uzorci su opisani kompletnim pasoškim podacima, počevši od akronima ekspedicije, opisom lokaliteta, nazivom vrste, institucijom koja je sakupila uzorak, grupisani u exel tabeli i podeljeni svim učesnicima ekspedicije. Mi smo sakupili 38 uzoraka među kojima su predstavnici 20 vrsta koje pripadaju familijama Poaceae i Fabaceae. Vrste koje su zastupljene u ovoj kolekciji su: Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv., Bromus erectus Huds., Medicago falcata L., Astragalus glycyphyllos L., Trifolium alpestre L., Lotus corniculatus L., Phleum bulbosum L., Trifolium arvense L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., Trifolium rubens L., Dorycnium germanicum L. i dr. Prikupljeni uzorci semena su ostavljeni na dodatno dozrevanje i sušenje, nakon čega će biti očišćeni od svih primesa i trajno deponovani kao deo aktivne kolekcije Instituta za krmno bilje. Za potrebe dalje selekcije vršiće se evaluacija prikupljenog materijala u poljskim i laboratorijskim uslovima.
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    The effects of eight years of liming and fertilizer addition on the Danthonia alpina type grassland in the mountain region of Republic of Serbia
    (Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, 2025) Zornic, Vladimir; Lugić, Zoran; Racić, Nedeljko; Andjelković, Snežana; Tomić, Dalibor; Marković, Jordan; Lazarević, Đorđe; Petrović, Mirjana
    The use of mineral fertilizers changes the floristic composition of grassland communities and increases productivity. However, fewer studies have been conducted on the medium-term (5--10 years) effects of mineral fertilizers on yield and floristic composition, particularly on changes in soil microbiom. After eight years (2012-2020), the effect of fertilizers (control -- no fertilizers, PK-60 kg ha-1 P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 K2O, N20PK-20 kg ha-1 N, 60 kg ha-1 P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 K20, N80PK-80 kg ha-1 N, 60 kg ha-1 P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 K20, and N140PK-140 kg ha-1 N, 60 kg ha-1 P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 K20) and liming (no lime and lime with 1 t/ha) on the grassland community of Danthonia alpina Vest (syn Danthonia calycina) were observed. We researched the effects treatments on productivity and share of grasses (Fam Poaceae), legumes (fam Leguminosae) and forbs (other species). Soil microbiome have been identified by analyzing the number of: total microbial count, fungi, free living nitrogen fixers and actinomycetes. PK treatments stimulated legumes, while grass cover decreased. Also increasing nitrogen added, grass cover abundance has risen. Liming significantly increased the total number of microorganisms and actinomycetes, while the number of fungi was significantly reduced. Treatment N80PK involved the greatest amount of microbes and fungus, whereas treatment PK contained the highest number of actinomycetes and free nitrogen fixers. According to the results, fertilizer treatments showed a significant increase yield and it gradually rose as applied nitrogen increased. The highest yield compared to the control (1,8 t ha-1) was achieved in N140PK (5,68 t ha-1), however, it was not significantly different to the N80PK (5,27 t ha-1). The yield was not significantly increased by raising the nitrogen content from 80 t ha-1to 140 t ha-1, but abundance of the most of examined groups of microorganisms significantly decreased, so the dose N140PK is not completely appropriate.
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    Microbial community in alfalfa rhizosphere in response to increased nickel concentration.
    (Serbian Society of Soil Science, 2025-10-20) Pešić, M.; Tošić Jojević, S.; Sikirić, B.; Mrvić, V.; Andjelković, Snežana; Buzurović, U.; Delić, D.; Stajković Srbinović, O.
    Rhizosphere is a very active region containing many microorganisms involved in complex biological and ecological processes. Under adverse conditions such as trace element pollution, the rhizosphere of plants can modify the soil conditions and the effects of pollutants, promote plant growth and alleviate stress in plants. Alfalfa establishes effective nitrogenfixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Besides nitrogen fixation, inoculation with rhizobial strains can result in promotion of the metal bioaccumulation within the root nodules in contaminated soil. Trace elements in the soil could be immobilized via their adsorption and/or accumulation in the plant roots and/ or by bacteria in rhizosphere, resulting in reduction of their toxicity. To evaluate the effect of rhizobial inoculation of alfalfa on soil properties, two locations with different Ni content in the soil 195 mg/kg and 52 mg/kg, as well as 6 different rhizobial strains were tested. Concentrations of trace elements, total and available forms, as well as other chemical soil parameters were determined at the beginning and at the end of the vegetation period. Furthermore, the abundance and activity of specific groups of soil microorganisms in soils under the field experiment were evaluated: soil respiration, total number of microorganisms and the number of specific groups of soil microorganisms including fungi, Actinomycetes, oligonitrophiles, Azotobacter and ammonifiers. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between location and rhizobial strain used as inoculum on the total number of microorganisms, as well as number of specific groups of microorganisms including fungi, Actinomycetes and oligonitrophiles in the first and second year of the experiment, indicating that the effect of rhizobial treatment depended on the location. The soil properties also varied among treatments and the two locations. Some rhizobial treatments increased the soil respiration rate, total number of microorganisms in soil, as well as the number of one or more specific groups of microorganisms including oligonitrofiles, fungi, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter and ammonifiers, compared to the control.
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    Inoculant formulation: effects of zeolite additives on alfalfa and rhizobial symbiont
    (Serbian Society of Soil Science, 2025-10-20) Pešić, M.; Tošić Jojević, S.; Sikirić, B.; Milinković, M.; Mrvić, V.; Andjelković, Snežana; Delić, D.; Stajković Srbinović, O.
    Inoculants containing rhizobial bacteria are bio-inoculants which represent microbiological N fertilizer and they contain selected highly effective and highly competitive rhizobial bacteria placed in suitable carrier. The role of carrier is to maintain the viability and efficiency of bacteria used as active agent and to increase the shelf life of inoculant. The most widespread formulation consists of peat as the rhizobia carrier and formulations of inoculants using zeolites as additives are common. Nanogranulation of the zeolite by increasing its surface would enhance its water and nutrients retention efficiency in the layer of the inoculant on inoculated seeds, making the bacteria more resistant to desiccation causing nano-carriers superiority over other carriers. In this study, 15 different inoculants were tested, five highly efficient nitrogen-fixing rhizobial Ensifer meliloti strains named 218, 225, 252, 4148s and 4193cs in three different peat carriers, including peat carrier with regular zeolite, zeolite nanoparticles, or CaCO3. The initial number of rhizobial cells of all strains exceeded 109 in all formulations. After one month of storage at room temperature the number did not differ significantly among strains and formulations but after two months the number was the higher in formulation with zeolite nanoparticles >1010 for strains 252 and 4148s. This trend continued in the next 6 months. The nodulation ability and efficiency of inoculants was confirmed in the nodulation test with alfalfa after three and six months of storage, indicating good performance of all evaluated inoculant formulations, with the most performant nano zeolite as an additive.
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    Значај величине семена у процесу оплемењивања крмног боба (Vicia faba L.)
    (Српско биолошко друштво „Стеван Јаковљевић” Крагујевац, 2025-09-17) Petrović, Mirjana; Babić, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir; Milenković, Jasmina; Radović, Jasmina; Sokolović, Dejan
    Потреба за протеинима биљног порекла на глобалном нивоу је већа од 200 милиона тона. Европа и Азија не задовољавају сопствене потребе и зависне су од увоза протеина. У циљу повећања продукције кроз ефикаснију селекцију, на простору Европе и Кине, реализован је пројекат (EUCLEG – Breeding forage and grain legumes to increase EU’s and China’s protein self-sufficiency) који је за циљ имао испитивање зрнених и крмних легу- миноза на више локација и више пољопривредних зона како би се почетни материјал тестирао у што већем броју environment-a (година x локација чини један environment). Крмни боб је значајна врста због садржаја протеина у зрелом семену који се креће од 24–30%. Варијабилност семена крмног боба се огледа у различитости величинa, боје и облика. Крмни боб (220 генотипова) тестиран је у 9 environment-a (Србија три године, Шпанија, Белгија и Финска по две) по p-rep аугментативном дизајну. У односу на масу семена формиране су четири основне групе: „paucijuga” < 250 mg, „minor” < 500 mg, „equina” 500–800 mg и „major” > 800 mg; у испитиваној колекцији били су заступљени генотипови свих величина као и прелазни типови. Више од 30 особина је анализира- но у пољским и лабораторијским условима, а статистички је обрађено 9 (фенолошке, морфолошке и агрономске) и мултиваријационим методама повезане са ботаничким типом. Наши резултати су показали да вредности 9 анализираних особина зависе примарно од типа семена и да је то најзначајнији параметар у процесу селекције ове врсте. Утврђено је да „equina” и „major” тип продукују биљке са већим бројем бочних изданака, и бројним дугим махунама, док су јединке развијене из ситнијих семена високе и захтевају дужи фенолошки развој.
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    Заступљеност гљива и актиномицета у земљиштима на територији Града Крушевца.
    (Српско биолошко друштво „Стеван Јаковљевић” Крагујевац, 2025-09-17) Andjelković, Snežana; Babić, Snežana; Milenković, Jasmina; Zornic, Vladimir; Petrović, Mirjana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Jevtić, Goran
    Већина земљишних микроорганизама за своје потребе захтева органске изворе хранљивих елемената и енергије, тако да земљишта са већом количином органске материје садрже и већи број микроорганизама. С друге стране, киселост земљишта директно утиче на покретљивост хранљивих материја мењајући њихову доступност за биљке и микробну популацију земљишта. Актиномицете заузимају значајни удео у земљишној микрофлори. Ови микроорганизми учествују у трансформацији органске материје, продукују различита биоактивна једињења, тако да доприносе сузбијању болести и повољно делују на раст биљака. Захваљујући свом развијеном ензиматском систе- му, сапрофитне гљиве у киселим земљиштима представљају најзначајније разлагаче органске материје. Такође, хифе повезују честице и на тај начин обезбеђују стабилност структуре и одржавају водни капацитет земљишта. Бројност гљива и актиномицета одређене су у 150 узорака пољопривредног земљишта са задовољавајућом количином органске материје киселе хемијске реакције (рН < 6,5) са територије Града Крушевца. Резултати квантитативне заступљености микрофлоре земљишта са парцела на испити- ваном подручју показују да je бројност гљива и актиномицета условљена типом земљи- шта, односно бројним факторима од којих су најрелевантнији - реакција земљишта и присуство органске материје. Кисела реакција земљишта је условила мању заступље- ност актиномицета у испитиваним земљиштима. Бројност актиномицета се кретала у распону од 3,301 до 5,431 (лог броја), a гљива од 4,699 до 5,322 (лог броја) у граму апсолутно сувог земљишта. Гљиве су заступљене у задовољавајућем броју у свим испитиваним земљиштима што је у сагласности са чињеницом да оне живе у срединама са широким распоном pH, док су актиномицете осетљиве на киселу реакцију земљишта и за њихов раст и развој погоднија су неутрална и земљишта базне хемијске реакције.
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    Процена ефекта примене ризобијалних сојева на принос луцерке гајене на земљишту са повећаном концентрацијом никла
    (Toplička akademija strukovnih studija, 2025-04-23) Andjelković, Snežana; Pešić, M.; Tošić Jojević, S.; Sikirić, B.; Mrvić, V.; Milinković, M.; Stajković Srbinović, O.
    Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je najznačajnija leguminozna vrsta za stočarstvo, a razlog za to jeste što se ova biljna vrsta odlikuje visokom hranljivom, energetskom i biološkom vrednošću. Zahvaljujući ovim osobimama lucerka se koristi i kao dodatak u ishrani humane populacije, u farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Lucerka živi u simbioznoj zajednici sa rizobijalnim bakterijama pri čemu u procesu azotofiksacije može da fiksira 43-80 % potrebnog azota. Ova leguminoza može da apsobuje veliku količinu potencijalno toksičnih elemenata, što predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost da oni uđu u lanac ishrane. U sprovedenim istraživanjima ispitivan je uticaj primene sojeva Ensifer meliloti: 218, 224, G-nov, 4193cs, 217k i 252 na prinos suve mase u prvom i drugom otkosu lucerke (sorta K-28) u godini zasnivanja. Eksperiment je postavljen na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje Kruševac po randomiziranom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja u proleće 2024. godine na zemljištu sa povećanom koncentracijom nikla. U prvom otkosu masa suve materije kretala se u rasponu od 151,2 do 246,8 g/m2, a u drugom otkosu od 116,6 do 286,4 g/m2. U oba otkosa, na tretmanu na kome je primenjen izolat 252 zabeležena je veća vrednost suve mase u odnosu na konrolu. Takođe, pozitivan efekat je postignut apliciranjem soja 218 u prvom i soja 4193cs u drugom otkosu. Ovo su rezultati prve faze eksperimenta, a u daljim istraživanjima analiziraće se efekat inokulacije ovim sojevima na usvajanje nikla od strane lucerke pošto pri povecanoj koncentraciji u zemljištu, raste sadržaj ovog metala u nadzemnim organima i korenu lucerke, a sa ciljem pronalaženja rešenja za proizvodnju dovoljnih količina kvalitetne i zdravstveno bezbedne stočne hrane.
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    Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella: One Health perspective on global food safety challenges
    (Elsevier BV, 2025) Kumar, R.; Adeyemi, O. N.; Chattaraj, S.; Alloun, W.; Thamarsha, A.K.A.N.W.M.R.K.; Andjelković, Snežana; Mitra, D.; Gautam, P.
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is a major concern in terms of human health, environmental sustainability, and global food security. Salmonella, the world's most prevalent foodborne pathogen, has gradually gained resistance to important drugs, complicating treatment efforts and leading to rising morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture, inadequate regulatory compliance, and environmental pollution from agricultural runoff and treated sewage all contribute to the growth and spread of AMR in Salmonella. Health as well as viewpoints on environmental, animal, and human health will be required to address this complicated problem. This includes promoting reasonable antibiotic use, improving global surveillance systems, and researching novel treatments including phage therapy, probiotics, and new antibiotics. Proposals for vaccination and precise food safety standards are critical for limiting Salmonella transmission across the food chain. Despite significant progress, critical research gaps continue, specifically in understanding the molecular basis of resistance and the role of environmental practices. However, contemporary research endeavors are concentrated on identifying and comprehending the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains, elucidating the bacterium's defense mechanisms against antibiotics, and investigating outbreaks associated with vegetables. Global surveillance, the development of alternative therapies, and the implementation of stricter antibiotic policies are essential strategies in addressing AMR in Salmonella. Additionally, policy design and implementation, capacity building in low- and middle-income countries, and raising public awareness all necessitate urgent global collaboration among governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the corporate sector. Stricter regulations on overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is also called for. This review highlights the importance of multi-disciplinary struggles in engaging Salmonella, as integrated resolutions through a One Health approach are crucial for ensuring food safety, preserving public health, and minimizing the worldwide threat of AMR.
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    Variability of vitamin E content in ZP popcorn hybrids
    (Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 2025-09-29) Srdić, J.; Vukadinović, J.; Mladenović Drinić, S.; Nikolić, A.; Milenković, Jasmina; Kravić, N.; Anđelković, V.
    Vitamin E is a group of eight lipid-soluble antioxidants found in plants, divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols. As an essential nutrient, it supports seed development, stress response, and membrane protection. In humans, it helps protect cell membranes and may reduce the risk of diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer, neurological disorders and inflammation. Both tocopherols and tocotrienols exist in four isoforms: α (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma), and δ (delta), classified based on the position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. This study analyzed α, γ+β, and δ tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) in five popcorn hybrids grown in Zemun Polje (ZP) and Kruševac (KŠ), Serbia. The content of vitamin E was higher in Zemun Polje, indicating that environmental factors had a significant impact on the content. The average content of α-T was 5.31 μg/g dry weight (DW) at ZP and 4.27 μg/g DW at KŠ, with ranges of 3.99–7.52 μg/g DW and 3.18–5.03 μg/g DW, respectively. The highest α-T content at both locations was recorded in hybrid ZP 6119k. The average content of γ+β-T was 29.63 μg/g DW at ZP and 23.51 μg/g DW at KŠ. δ-T content ranged from 1.69–3.63 μg/g DW at ZP and from 0.89–2.25 μg/g DW at KŠ. The highest α-T3 content at both locations was found in hybrid ZP 614k (5.21 μg/g DW at ZP and 3.62 μg/g DW at KŠ). γ+β-T3 varied from 4.13–7.07 μg/g DW (ZP) and 3.29–6.99 μg/g DW (KŠ). The highest values of δ-T3 were 0.74 μg/g DW in ZP 6153k (ZP) and 0.76 μg/g DW in ZP 6119k and ZP 6170k (KŠ). Popcorn hybrids with higher Vitamin E content, especially ZP 6119k, show potential as functional foods with added health benefits for human consumption.