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Effectiveness of the process of cleaning natural alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds
(2020) Đokić, Dragoslav; Stanisavljević, Rade; Milenković, Jasmina; Koprivica, Ranko; Knežević, Jasmina; Vuković, A.; Terzić, Dragan
This paper presents the results of the cleaning tests of three different natural alfalfa seed lots and three different red clover seed lots performed using seed processing machines. The alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and the red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) are two of the most important perennial forage legumes in the Republic of Serbia. Alfalfa and red clover seeds for sowing should be clean, i.e. free from weeds and foreign matter, and of high germination and genetic values. Such requirements can only be achieved by cleaning, i.e. removing all undesirable impurities and poor-quality seeds. The following parameters important for the seed cleaning process and equipment were observed: seed purity, contents of weed and other crop seeds, inert substance content, amounts of processed seeds (kg), seed loss and processing output. The results obtained facilitate (depending on the amount and type of weeds and other impurities found in the alfalfa and red clover seed lots considered) the proper adjustment of the seed processing equipment to obtain the largest possible quantity of quality seeds that are in compliance with the laws and regulations of Serbia.
Yield and nutritive value of cocksfoot (Dactilys glomerata L.).
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2020-10-09) Babić, Snežana; Sokolović, Dejan; Radović, Jasmina; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Zornic, Vladimir; Prijović, Mladen
Response of Italian ryegrass seed crop to nitrogen fertilization and trinexapac-ethyl application.
(University of Banja Luka Faculty of Agriculture, 2020-09-24) Jovanović-Radovanov, K.; Simić, A.; Radivojević, M.; Mandić, V.; Bijelić, Z.; Sokolović, Dejan; Babić, Snežana
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) is prone to lodging as consequence of high precipitation levels during growth period, and/or high nitrogen fertilizers application rates in spring. The aims of the studies were to determine the possible changes of Italian ryegrass growth in the first production year using different nitrogen spring application rates and growth regulator doses. Field trials were conducted during two consecutive years under no irrigation conditions. Tetraploid Italian ryegrass cv. K-29 was seeded each autumn with seedling rate of 20 kg ha–1 and fertilizer addition (NPK 8:16:24) 250kg ha-1 . Three rates of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 ) were applied at early spring, and somewhat later three doses (0, 0.5 and 1 L ha−1 ) of growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl. Trials were set as complete randomized block design with four replications and plot size of 10 m2 . Prior to the seed harvest, biometrical traits such as number of generative tillers, internodes’ length, stem length, spike length and the number of spikelets per spike were measured on 10 randomly sampled tillers from each plot. Due to different precipitation levels (relatively low in the first and relatively high in the second year of examination) there was significantly different effect of trinexapacethyl on Italian ryegrass. All morphological parameters measured except 5th internodes’ length and spikelet number were statistically significantly different from control in the first year while the only difference was evident for the 4th internodes’ length in the second year. As for nitrogen application there were significantly differences in 5th and 6 th internodes’ length as well as in tiller and spike length in the first year but only in regard to tiller length in the second year. The opposite effect of those treatments could be useful for optimizing Italian ryegrass seed production in Serbian environmental conditions.
Ca:P ratio and content of Ca and P in some annual legumes – oat mixtures depending on seeding rate and stage of growth.
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (CIHEAM - IAMB) Italy, 2020-10-08) Marković, Jordan; Vasić, T.; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Bekčić, Filip; Lazarević, Đorđe; Babić, Snežana
Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important for animal health. The dietary levels of Ca and P should be balanced to increase their availability and utilization. The research was conducted at Institute for forage crops Kruševac in 2015-2016 to determine the effects of seeding rates in mixtures of pea : oat and common vetch : oat and cutting stages on the Ca and P content, as well as Ca : P ratio. The experiment was performed using five different mixture rates of pea and oat crops, five different mixture rates of common vetch and oat crops and three different cutting stages (beginning of pea and common vetch flowering – 10% of flowering, forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants and forming green seeds in 2/3 pods). Results of investigation showed that Ca content was the highest at the forming the first pods on 2/3 pea and common vetch plants, while phosphorus content increased from 2.70 to 3.40 g kg-1 with common vetch growth and development and from 2.57 to 3.10 g kg-1 with pea growth and development. Pure sown common vetch and pea were characterized by the highest average Ca and P content. Ca : P ratio decreased with plant growth and development in pea : oat mixtures, as well as in common vetch : oat mixtures. The highest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown common vetch and pure sown pea, whereas the lowest Ca : P ratio was recorded in pure sown oat.
The presence of free-living nitrogen-fixers in soils of Stara Planina mountain in Serbia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2020) Andjelković, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir; Babić, Snežana; Milenković, Jasmina; Jevtić, Goran; Marković, Jordan; Bekčić, Filip
The community structure and number of microorganisms are different in different soil types, and they represent the result of interactions between the soil type, plant species, localization of the microorganism in rhizosphere, anthropogenization and other factors. Certain microorganisms known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen are also important for the development of healthy soil structure. Furthermore, they are important for the nitrogen input to soils in agroecosystem and represent economically attractive and ecologically acceptable means for reducing external inputs and improving soil quality. Soil samples were taken from pastures and meadows in the area of Stara Planina Mountain. According to its geographical and climatic conditions the area is characterized by typical hilly-mountainous regions with meadow and pasture systems for fodder production. The aim of this research was to examine quality of grasslands soil, so the parameters of soil fertility and number of free-living nitrogen-fixers from 55 locations were determined. The largest number of soil samples were characterized showed good amounts of soil organic matter, high nitrogen content and slightly acidic chemical reaction. Fjodorov agar was used for determining the number of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and their abundance ranged from 6.378 to 7.021 (log of number) per gram of absolutely dry soil.
Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes and Biocontrol Agent for Plant Nutrition and Protection: Current Perspective.
(2020) Mitra, D.; Andjelković, Snežana; Panneerselvam, P.; Senapati, A.; Vasić, T.; Ganeshamurthy, A.; Chauhan, M.; Uniyal, N.; Mahakur, B.; Radha, T.
Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM) are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and helps plant to acquire phosphates from soil. The availability of phosphates in soil are governed by several factors among which the proton exchange capacity has been regarded to be the most important factor involved in cation complex formations with soluble phosphates making them unavailable to plants, thereby disturbing the phosphorus cycling events found in arable soils. PSM solubilizes the cation complexes and thereby improves the functioning of phosphorus cycle in soil. In addition to involvement in biogeochemical cycling events, PSM have been also found to have antagonistic potential against several plant phytopathogens. These biocontrol microbes represent the most abundant groups of soil microflora. Among which some nutrient solubilizers have been used for effective biocontrol of important plant diseases. This review article shows contributions of different plant growth promoters used in nutrient and disease management practices in agriculture.
A comparative analysis of plant growth--promoting traits of Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains isolated from Lolium perenne rhizospheric soil in Vojvodina (Serbia) and their effecton the plant yield
(2020) Stamenov, D.R.; Hajnal-Jafari, T.I.; Najvirt, B.; Andjelković, Snežana; Tomić, J.; Đurić, S.S.
The objective of this work was to do a comparative study of Pseudomonas and Bacillus isolates for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential, monitoring the impact of selected isolates on the yield of English ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Isolation, physiological and biochemical characterization, in vitro assay of enzymatic and plant-growth promoting activities of isolates were done. Pseudomonas isolates have been shown to have the ability to use different sources of carbon, to live in the condition of low pH as well as temperature and to produce siderophore. On the other hand, Bacillus isolates have the ability to solubilize phosphate, to produce a greater amount of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) than Pseudomonas isolates and have an inhibitory effect on the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. In other investigated traits, isolates were similar. The use of Pseudomonassp. P12 and Bacillus sp. B1 isolates had a positive effect on the plant mass and total yield, which indicate that the use of these isolates can result in a better yield of forage crops.
Response of Microorganisms in Alfalfa Rhizosphere to Microbial Inoculation
(2020) Andjelković, Snežana; Radović, Jasmina; Babić, Snežana; Vasić, Tanja; Stamenov, D.; Hajnal Jafari, T.
Background: Various microorganisms that can have a positive or negative effect on plant development are present in the rhizospheric soil of alfalfa. The research aimed to investigate the impact of two nitrogen-fixing bacteria and two species of the phytopathogen fungus Colletotrichum on the abundance of aminoheterotrophs, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere of three cultivars of alfalfa. Methods: The experiment was carried in vegetation pots as three factorial, where the first factor was alfalfa cultivar (Affinity+Z, K- 28 and Perry), the second was the isolate of phytopathogen fungus Colletotrichum: C. trifolii (isolate Coll 4) and C. destructivum (two isolates: Coll-11 and Coll 657); and the third was the variant of bacterial inoculation (Azotobacter chroococcum and Sinorhizobium meliloti). The number of microorganisms was determined by introducing a diluted soil suspension into proper media and counted per one gram of absolutely dry soil. Result: According to the Fisher test applied inoculation microbial inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phytopathogen fungus had different effects on the abundance of examined microorganisms in rizospheric soil of different alfalfa cultivars.
Seed testing of foliar-fertilised red clover crops after various periods of storage
(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2020-03-31) Tomić, Dalibor; Stevović, Vladeta; Đurović, Draagan; Stanisavljević, Rade; Madić, M.; Petrović, Mirjana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Knežević, Jasmina
This study was carried out in the Bucegi Natural Park, a protected area of the Romanian Carpathians. It aims at documenting the potential sensitivity of six widespread Natura 2000 habitat types and of all plants with conservative value (200 taxa) in the mountain area, to the changes in temperature and humidity, predicted for this century. Regional expert knowledge and environmental indicator values were considered in assessing the potential habitat’s sensitivity. The results support the evidence that sensitivity to temperature may be potentially higher for habitats at alpine and subalpine levels (bushes and grasslands) and medium for forest habitats. Sensitivity to moisture was detected as potentially high for forest habitats and as medium for bushes and grasslands at high mountain elevation. Microthermophilic plants have shown a greater share (76-79%) in alpine and subalpine communities, and the hydrophilic plants (86-96%) in forest communities. About 80% of plants of conservation value (microthermophilic or hydrophilic plants) may be potentially sensitive to predicted warming and drought and 44% of them (microthermophilic and hydrophilic plants) to the changes of both parameters. Climate scenarios (2011-2100) and sensitivity maps (Sat – image interpretation with GIS for the whole mountain area) are included.
Effect of seed storage on seed germination and seedling quality of Festulolium in comparison with related forage grasses (Efecto del almacenamiento de la semilla de Festulolium y especies relacionadas en su germinación y la calidad de plántulas)
(2020) Stanisavljević, Rade; Poštić, Dobrivoj; Štrbanović, Ratibor; Tabaković, M.; Jovanović, M.; Milenković, Jasmina; Đokić, Dragoslav; Terzić, Dragan
Tests of seed germination, seed dormancy and seedling growth were performed on 0-, 6-, 20-and 30-months-old seed lots of Festuloliumin comparison with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis). Tests were performed on seeds harvested in 2 different years (2014 and 2015) resulting in no major difference between theyears. Seed storage affected seed viability and dormancy and seedling growth in all 3 grasses. The maximum germination of Festuloliumseeds was achieved 6 months after harvest (95% normal seedlings); germination decreased significantly thereafter. While maximum germination of L. multiflorumand F. pratensisseeds was also achieved following storage for 6 months, these germination rates (93 and 90%, respectively) were retained until at least 20 months in storage. After storage for 30 months, seed germination of Festulolium, L. multiflorumand F. pratensis had declined to 72, 79 and 83%, respectively. High germination in all species was associated with higher rates of seedling growth. In an artificial seed ageing test, a temperature of 41 °C (during 48 and 72hours) was found to effectively rank seed lots for germination performance in all 3 grasses. This test seems to have application for use in the seed trade to identify seed lots which could deteriorate more rapidly in storage. Further studies are needed toverify this hypothesis
Kruševačka 50 (K-50)
(2019) Lugić, Zoran; Petrović, Mirjana; Radović, Jasmina; Sokolović, Dejan; Babić, Snežana; Zornic, Vladimir
Генетичка анализа комбинационих способности дијаметра црног лука
(ИНСТИТУТ ЗА ПОВРТАРСТВО СМЕДЕРЕВСКА ПАЛАНКА, 2021) Pavlović, Nenad; Mladenović, J.; Tomić, Dalibor; Marjanović, Miloš; Madić, M.; Zdravković, Jasmina
Црни лук спада у ред економски најзначајнијег поврћа које се гаји како у Србији тако и на светском нивоу. Дијаметар свежих луковица црног лука спада у ред његових најважнијих агрономских особина због тога што директно утиче на принос и облик. Обе наведен особине имају изузетно важан како биолошки тако и економски значај. Како бисе утврдила генетска детерминисаност дијаметра луковице, постављен је оглед по случајном блок систему у пет понављања, на огледном пољу Института за повртарство. Примењен је метод диалелног укрштања без реципрочног. Генетичком анализом комбинационих способности испитиваних генотипова у овом експерименту, утврђено је постојање сигнификантне вредности за опште комбинационе способности (ОКС). Израчунате вредности за ОКС указују на преовлађујући утицај адитивних гена у наслеђивању дијаметра луковица црног лука, што значи да супериорне линије могу бити искоришћене у оплемењивачким програмима за повећање фреквенције жељених алела са адитивним ефектом.
The influence of bacterial inoculation on development different cultivars of alfalfa
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2021) Andjelković, Snežana; Radović, Jasmina; Lugić, Zoran; Babić, Snežana; Marković, Jordan; Milenković, Jasmina; Petrović, Mirjana
Increasing soil fertility is one of the strategies being implemented with the objective of increasing agricultural production. The addition of microbial inoculants can stimulate plant-growth-promoting mechanisms, improve soil fertility, replenish the natural microbial community. There are different mechanisms by which microorganisms increase soil fertility and supply plants with necessary elements. The experiment was a two-factorial, random block design with ten replicates, where the first factor was alfalfa cultivar and the second was the variant of bacterial inoculation. For the purposes of research three alfalfa cultivars (K−28, Affinity+Z and Perry) and two variants of microbial inoculation − individual cultures of rhizobium (Sinorhizobium meliloti) and azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) were used. The analysis of plant traits (height, number of stems and plant weight) were done at the beginning of flowering. The results obtained showed that the application of microorganisms can affect the parameters of plant alfalfa. The interaction between cultivar and applied inoculation was different: In the cultivar alfalfa Affinity+Z a statistically significant increase in plant height (4.4{\%} higher value than control) and mass was recorded (16.1{\%}); in Perry cultivar the green mass per plant was increased (4.3{\%} on treatment with S. meliloti and 2.3{\%} on treatment with A. chroococcum). In all cultivars inoculation A. chroococcum had positive, but application of S. meliloti had negative effect on the number of stems was achieved.
Uticaj primesa u naturalnom semenu lucerke i crvene deteline na proces čišćenja semena
(2021) Đokić, Dragoslav; Terzić, Dragan; Rajičić, V.; Živković, S.; Oro, V.; Milenković, Jasmina; Koprivica, R.
The paper presents the results of the cleaning process of five different lots of natural alfalfa seeds and five different lots of natural red clover seeds. Natural alfalfa and red clover seeds had 75 % to 77 % purity. The experiment was performed in the seed processing center of the Institute for Forage Crops Kruševac. Seed cleaning is performed on different machines that work on the principle of differences in the physical properties of seeds. Significant parameters that define the quality of seeds after processing on the cleaning equipment are the amount of pure seed, weed seed, the seed of other crops, inert matter, amount of pure processed seed, seed losses and processing output. The obtained results enable the correct adjustment of the equipment for the seed processing, depending on the amount and type of weeds and other impurities found in the natural seed of alfalfa and red clover.
Varijabilnost i korelativna međuzavisnost kvaliteta semena crvene dateline i italijanskog ljulja zavisno od sorti tokom višegodišnjeg perioda skladištenja.
(2021) Stanisavljević, Rade; Poštić, Dobrivoj; Štrbanović, Ratibor; Oro, V.; Tabaković, M.; Jovanović, S.; Milenković, Jasmina
Seed quality is crucial for achieving the desired number of plants in the mixture, as well as the ratio of grass-legume components. Seeds of red clover and Italian ryegrass can be placed on the market with germination of 70 % and more. In this experiment, the seeds of six varieties of red clover and four varieties of Italian lily were examined. Seeds up to four years of age were tested. Seed quality was examined by monitoring the following parameters: germination energy, amount of hard-dormant seed, total germination and amount of abnormal seedlings. The tested varieties of red clover and Italian ryegrass seeds showed the best quality after one and two years of storage. After four years of storing seeds, out of six tested varieties of red clover, two did not meet the criteria for marketing in Serbia, according to the current rulebook on seed quality. In the case of Italian ryegrass, out of four tested varieties, two did not meet the criteria for placing seeds on the market.
Uticaj klimatskih promena na potrebe prirodnih travnjaka za vodom u Srbiji
(Poljoprivredni fakultet univerziteta u Beogradu, 2021) Stričević, R.; Simić, Aleksandar; Vujadinović Mandić, M.; Sokolović, Dejan
Usled povećanja temperature vazduha sve dužeg vegetacionog perioda i promenljivih količina padavina poslednje dve decenije, livade i pašnjaci Srbije sve češće ostaju bez dovoljno vode za regeneraciju. Cilj ovog rada je da preko pet reprezentativnih lokaliteta sagleda uticaj klimatskih promena na raspoloživost vode za prirodne travnjake na području Srbije. Za analizu buduće promene klimatskih uslova na teritoriji Republike Srbije korišćeni su rezultati ansambla od devet regionalnih klimatskih modela iz baze EURO-CORDEX. Za svaki od 9 modela je izračunat deficit/suficit vode, na kraju za najverovatniju vrednost deficita vode uzeta je medijalna vrednost za svaki proučavani vremenski period. Referentni period je 1986–2005, budući periodi su: 2016–2035 (bliska budućnost), 2046–2065, (sredina veka) i 2081–2100 (kraj veka). Analize su urađene za dva izabrana scenarija emisija gasova staklene bašte: RCP4.5 i RCP8.5. Vegetacija prirodnih travnjaka će biti izložena povećanom riziku od suša. Nedostatak vode se očekuje već krajem maja, kada se iscrpe zalihe vode u zemljištu, i trajaće sve do prvih značajnijih kiša u septembru. Po oba scenarija, očekuje se smanjenje raspoloživih voda do 7% u bliskoj budućnosti. Po scenariju RCP4.5 od sredine do kraja veka očekuje se povećanje deficita vode između 10,7% i 24,2%. Nepovoljniji, mada verovatniji scenario RCP8.5, prikazuje da će povećanje nedostatka vode sredinom veka varirati od 4% do 14%, a do kraja veka između 28,4% i 41,9%. Otpornost na sušu će se razvijati prirodnom raznolikošću i širenjem vrsta otpornih na visoke temperature i oskudicu vode na uštrb osetljivih trava, pogotovo u sušnijem delu Srbije na plićim zemljištima
Non-fiber carbohydrates and neutral detergent-soluble fibre in alfalfa
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2021) Marković, Jordan; Babić, Snežana; Lazarević, Đorđe; Milenković, Jasmina; Prijović, Mladen; Zornic, Vladimir; Vasić, Tanja
Carbohydrates are important in the nutrition of animals because they are the major source of energy and typically comprise 70 to 80{\%} of the diet. Carbohydrate contents of forage can vary widely due to the interaction of plants and their environment. These variables include: species and variety of the forage, stage of growth and environmental conditions during plant growth. The aim of this study was to estimate the content of NFC-Non-Fiber Carbohydrates and NDSF -- Neutral Detergent Soluble Fiber depending on the stage of growth, cuts and cultivars of alfalfa. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) -- cv K28 selected at Institute for forage crops Kru{\v{s}}evac and cv G+13R+CZ selected at UC Davis Plant Breeding Center, University of California were sampled at three stages of maturity: full bud, early bloom (10-15{\%} of flowering) and mid bloom (50-60{\%} of flowering) in four cuts during the year. Results of this investigation showed that alfalfa cultivars did not differ significantly in NFC and NDSF content. On the other hand, content of NFC decreased from 237.0 to 230.6 g kg -1 DM with growth and development, whereas content of NDSF increased with plant development from 131.5 to 136.8 g kg -1 DM, but the differences between treatments were not significant. The highest content of NFC and NDSF was observed in the third cut. These carbohydrates are considered to be highly digestible and rapidly fermentable. Improving the understanding of this large portion of the dairy cattle diet has the potential to improve animal performance and profitability while maintaining health.
Productivity and Forage Quality of Cocksfoot (Dactilys glomerata L.) Collection
(Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan, 2021) Babić, Snežana; Sokolović, Dejan; Andjelković, Snežana; Petrović, Mirjana; Marković, Jordan; Prijović, Mladen; Lazarević, Đorđe
Primary aim in cocksfoot forage breeding is obtaining cultivars with high yield and quality for livestock nutrition. In this study productivity and biomass quality of 19 cocksfoot accessions was investigated, 15 breeding populations originated from the local populations collected mainly in Eastern Serbia, which passed 2 cycles of selection and 4 cultivars. In the planting year plots were cut without weighing. In the next two years, two cuts were taken. The first cut was done at the beginning of heading (the first decade of May) and the second in the first decade of July. The highest dry matter yield in the first cut was determined for DG 6 (13.8 t ha-1) and DG 9 (13.8 t ha-1) accessions, while the most productive accessions in the second cut were DG 6 (4.9 t ha-1) and DG 3 (4.7 t ha-1). The highest dry matter yield in total was found in DG 6 (18.7 t ha-1) and DG 9 (18.4 t ha-1) accessions. Forage quality was determined in two cuts. The best dry matter quality was determined in DG 3, DG 5, DG 9 and DG 15 accessions. For these accessions the highest crude protein content was obtained in the first cut: DG 3 (130.4 g kg-1), DG 5 (130.8 g kg-1), DG 9 (130.7 g kg-1) and DG 15 (130.8 g kg-1) and also in the second cut. In the first cut the lowest ADF content was in DG 3 (332.1 g kg-1), DG 5 (327.5 g kg-1), DG 9 (331.9 g kg-1) and DG 15 (327.4 g kg-1). The lowest values for NDF content in the first cut were in the same accessions: DG 3 (573.5 g kg-1), DG 5 (575.6 g kg-1), DG 9 (576.5 g kg-1) and DG 15 (576.1 g kg-1). Also, the lowest values for ADF and NDF content in the second cut were scored for these accessions.
Microbiological and chemical properties of agricultural soils in South-western Serbia
(Serbian Society of Soil Science, 2021-09-21) Andjelković, Snežana; Lugić, Zoran; Babić, Snežana; Marković, Jordan; Zornic, Vladimir; Petrović, Mirjana; Bekčić, Filip
Soil management is important to all agricultural systems and the reduction of soil degradation is a base to sustain future plants production. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil are the most important properties that affect the number of microorganisms, especially pH and organic matter content. The aim of this investigation was to examine microbiological and basic chemical properties of agricultural soils in the south-western part of Serbia. Soil samples from 62 localities of agricultural soil were taken aseptically from a depth of 0-25 cm. Based on the pH value tested soils are acidic, between 3.96 and 6.20, with medium content of humus. Results of this study showed that the presence of microorganisms in the tested soil samples is influenced by numerous factors and that each soil provides different conditions for life of microbes. The total number of microorganisms in soil samples varied from 18 to 122 x 106, the number of free-living nitrogen-fixers from 17 to 95 x 105 and fungi in the range from 3 to 55 x 104 per one gram of absolutely dry soil.
The efficiency of use of oxalic acid and thymol in bee colonies against Varroa destructor during an active season.
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2021-10-07) Nedić, N.; Vojt, D.; Matović, K.; Jevtić, Goran

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